scholarly journals Assessing Short-Term Fertility Intentions and Their Realisation Using the Generations and Gender Survey: Pitfalls and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Brzozowska ◽  
Eva Beaujouan
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Fertility Intention ◽  
National Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Questionnaire Adaptation ◽  
Cross National

AbstractThe use of fertility intention questions to study individual childbearing behaviour has developed rapidly in recent decades. In Europe, the Generations and Gender Surveys are the main sources of cross-national data on fertility intentions and their realisation. This study investigates how an inconsistent implementation of a question about wanting a child now affects the cross-country comparability of intentions to have a child within the next three years and their realisation. We conduct our analysis separately for women and men at prime and late reproductive ages in Austria, France, Italy and Poland. The results show that the overall share of respondents intending to have a child at some point in their life is similar in all four analysed countries. However, once the time horizon and the degree of certainty of fertility intentions are included, substantial cross-country differences appear, particularly in terms of proceptive behaviour and, consequently, the realisation of fertility intentions. We conclude that the inconsistent questionnaire adaptation makes it very difficult to assess the role of country context in the realisation of childbearing intentions.

scholarly journals Fertility Intentions and Their Realization in Couples: How the Division of Household Chores Matters

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (13) ◽  
pp. 1860-1882
Author(s):  
Bernhard Riederer ◽  
Isabella Buber-Ennser ◽  
Zuzanna Brzozowska
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Family Work ◽  
Household Chores ◽  
Division Of Household Labor ◽  
Childbearing Intentions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

Most research on Europe indicates that a gender-balanced division of family work tends to increase childbearing probabilities, but empirical results vary substantially. The present article proposes explanations for this observed discrepancy. It develops prior research further by (1) studying short-term fertility intentions and their realization within the subsequent 4 years, (2) analyzing the role of the spouses’ satisfaction with the division for the effects that the division may have on childbearing, (3) proving a mediation by relationship satisfaction, and (4) considering gender as well as parity as moderators. Using data from two waves of the Generations and Gender Survey, we show that the division of work affects childbearing intentions. We find that the effect (a) depends on the spouses’ satisfaction with the division, (b) is partly moderated by relationship satisfaction, and (c) varies by parity. The division of household labor, however, seems of less importance for the realization of childbearing intentions.

Outsourcing in 18 European countries: The role of worker power

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-499
Author(s):  
Fabian Dekker ◽  
Ferry Koster
Keyword(s):  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
National Data ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
European Economies ◽  
Cross National

Most research on outsourcing looks at cost-driven, resource-based or transformational motives to understand outsourcing decisions at the company-level. This article brings in the workers’ perspective, which is a topic that has not been the focus of attention of most previous studies. The article takes cross-national data for 18,264 companies in 18 European economies to examine the role of worker power on outsourcing decisions. According to the results from multilevel logistic analysis and contrary to the authors’ expectations, worker power relates to a higher likelihood of outsourcing. This article concludes with some thoughts on this finding and presents some directions for future research.

Influences on the Number and Gender of Candidates in Canadian Local Elections

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Breux ◽  
Jérôme Couture ◽  
Royce Koop
Keyword(s):  
Local Elections ◽  
National Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mayoral Elections ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
Election Results ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cross National

AbstractWe explore influences on the number of candidates, and female candidates in particular, who contest mayoral elections in Canada. We draw on an original cross-national data set of election results from mayoral elections in Canada's 100 largest cities between 2006 and 2017. An average of 4.96 candidates contested mayoral elections in this period, and 16 per cent of all candidates were women. Density and mayoral prestige were related to higher numbers of candidates; in contrast, incumbent candidates and the availability of other elected positions were related to lower numbers. Notably, the presence of a female incumbent was related to higher numbers of women running for the position of mayor; in contrast, higher mayoral salaries were associated with an increase in the number of male but not female candidates. This analysis enhances our understanding of the factors underlying contested local elections, as well as the factors that appear to facilitate women contesting local elections.

Separatist Conflict in the Former Soviet Union and Beyond: How Different Was Communism?

2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
International System ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
National Data ◽  
Common Location ◽  
New States ◽  
Historically Situated ◽  
Cross National

Recent research on separatist nationalism has focused on the most common location of new states in the international system—the postcommunist world. While providing the largest number of cases for exploration, the arguably unique features of the Soviet system may have effects that do not easily translate to other parts of the world. This article reviews a recent set of books that highlights this question, focusing on the legacies of Soviet ethnofederalism in catalyzing secession, separatist war, and nation-state crisis. These books share in common a tendency to deemphasize the historical lineages of separatist nationalism and to focus more proximately on institutions. The article builds on the discussion of recent research by engaging two separate cross-national data sets to explore the role of ethnofederal institutions and of historical legacies. It concludes by arguing for a return to historically situated studies of center-minority conflicts and for greater engagement across regional lines of expertise.

PROSPERITY OR STAGNATION: THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
PAK HUNG MO
Keyword(s):  
Government Expenditures ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Potential Output ◽  
Inflation Differentials ◽  
Cross Country

The focus of this paper is to examine the effects and mechanism of government expenditures (GEs) in determining the long-term inflation differentials across countries. For this purpose, we formulate a theoretical model and the related regression system. The models allow us to understand and quantify the supply-side (SS) and demand-side (DS) effects of GEs in determining prosperity or stagnation across countries. This study provides cross-country evidences and related mechanisms supporting the hypothesis and conclusion that active short-term AD policies and over-estimated potential output, as argued in Orphanides (2003), were contributive to the Great Inflation.

scholarly journals Short-term fertility intentions and their realisation in Poland

2018 ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Brzozowska ◽  
Monika Mynarska
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Childbearing Intentions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Stability

Previous studies identified large differences between countries in the extent to which childbearing intentions are realised. Failure to realise an intention to become a parent was found to be particularly common in the post-socialist countries. In this paper we examine whether similarly low rates of realisation of fertility intentions can be found in Poland. We use two waves of the Polish Generations and Gender Survey (GGS-PL), conducted in 2010/2011 and 2014/2015. We first describe fertility intentions of Polish women and men as declared at the survey’s first wave. Next, we examine whether the short-term childbearing intentions expressed at wave 1 were followed by an actual birth by the second round of the data collection. For the respondents who did not get a child between waves 1 and 2, we analyse the stability of their fertility plans. We find that approximately 35% of the respondents who at wave 1 intended to have a child in the next three years actually had one by wave 2. Both realization and stability of fertility intentions varied markedly by gender and parity.

Military Politics in Muslim Societies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Lotito
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Systematic Effect ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
National Data ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Military Politics ◽  
The Military ◽  
Cross National

This article explores the role of the military in perpetuating authoritarianism in the Muslim world. Using cross-national data, the article demonstrates that military repression of large-scale protests has been more likely in Muslim-majority states than elsewhere. It offers three explanations for violent military responses to protests: chronic insecurity and political violence, exceptionally high levels of foreign military assistance, and military organizational cultures that favor authoritarian responses to unrest. The article finds no support for claims that Islam as a culture or religion has any systematic effect on military behavior. Several cases of successful democratization in the region demonstrate that authoritarianism is not an immutable feature of Muslim-majority societies.

scholarly journals Religiosity and Fertility Intentions: Can the Gender Regime Explain Cross-Country Differences?

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-472
Author(s):  
Christoph Bein ◽  
Anne H. Gauthier ◽  
Monika Mynarska
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Gender Regime ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Gender Development Index ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Cross National

AbstractResearch on the relationship between religiosity and fertility intentions revealed substantial cross-national differences. In some countries, a strong and positive effect of religiosity on fertility intentions was found, while in others, the effect was weaker or not significant, and the reasons underlying these cross-national differences are still unclear. The aim of this article is to explain these macro-level differences from the perspective of the prevailing gender regime. We argue that in countries with more traditional regimes, a stronger effect of religiosity on fertility intentions could be expected than in countries with a more egalitarian view. We make use of the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey and incorporate data from a total of 12 European countries in our analysis. We examine the influence of gender regime according to various macro-level indicators on gender attitudes and gender equality using meta-regression analyses. We also conduct robustness checks using other indicators such as the Gender Development Index. Our results reveal that the gender regime is only able to explain these differences in certain situations, specifically those relating to the long-term fertility intentions of men.

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