Understanding the Ethics of Risk as Used in Epidemiology

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
Diego S. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessments ◽  
The Political ◽  
Health It ◽  
Economic Values ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
Ethical Significance

This chapter analyzes the concept of risk that is central to epidemiology, since the study of disease or health of populations necessarily requires assessing and determining the probability of the factors that may increase or decrease the likelihood of disease or health. It argues that the purportedly non-normative understanding of risk in epidemiology fails to capture separate but interrelated points, such as the description of risk assessments. It also discusses the importance of risk to a population for disease p to understand the political or economic values that help create the context that led to the increased risk. The chapter delves into the ethical significance for epidemiologists to help analyze and explain who imposed risk onto whom and in what ways this risk imposition occurred. It cites a normative sense of risk in epidemiology, which appeals to most theories of justice and makes sense of the ethics of causation in either more modest or stronger terms.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MONITORING (CONTROL) PROGRAM OF THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Mariya Berberova ◽  
Vladislav Chuenko ◽  
Oleg Zolotarev ◽  
Olga Trefilova ◽  
Maksim Grudev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Power Plants ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Data Sheet ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Safety Data Sheet ◽  
Increased Risk

Nuclear power plants (NPP), being complex technological systems, represent a source of increased risk, in particular, a specific risk of radiation exposure. Obtaining quantitative assessments of radiation risk is critical for risk reduction and accident prevention. Existing methods for assessing radiation risk do not take into account the influence of external factors, such as population composition, geographical features, anthropogenic environmental changes, etc.[1]. Since 1997, in connection with changes in the norms and rules in the field of the use of atomic energy, it became necessary to perform a probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) at all nuclear power plants in Russia. Subsequently, a standard safety data sheet for a hazardous facility was developed. To fill out the second section of the safety data sheet, it is necessary to carry out a risk assessment of the objects in question. From this moment on, risk assessments were performed for all power units of all operating nuclear power plants in Russia. Today, in our country there are 14 nuclear power plants. On average, there are 3 power units per nuclear power plant. In order to systematize and centralize data on NPP risk assessments, it became necessary to develop a program for monitoring NPP safety. The aim of the work is to develop a monitoring (control) program for ensuring the safety of nuclear power plants, using modern technologies to systematize and group data on nuclear safety data sheets, as well as organize quick access to information.

scholarly journals Imaginar, escribir. La imaginación lingüística en J. Joyce y P. Celan, a través de Nietzsche

2012 ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Noelia Billi
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
The Political ◽  
Resistance Strategies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Ethical Significance

 A partir del abordaje nietzscheano del lenguaje –que lo arranca de la habitual reducción a instrumento de la conciencia, propia de la modernidad y lo postula como constitutivo de la subjetividad–, se reflexiona acerca de la imaginación lingüística en tanto potencia de insurrección. Operando desde adentro de las lenguas dominantes, ciertos usos literarios evidencian una diversidad de estrategias de resistencia a los intentos de aniquilación de la otredad, característico de las lenguas hegemónicas. Las escrituras de J. Joyce y P. Celan son estudiadas como ejercicios de la imaginación lingüística que, echando mano a recursos diferentes (la proliferación de lo extraño, la sustracción y el silencio), muestran la radical importancia política y ética de la resistencia a través de la escritura. Taking as a starting point the Nietzschean approach to language –one which gets language out of its ordinary, and typically modern, reduction to conscience’s instrument and postulates it as a constituent of Subjectiviy–, this paper examines the Linguistic Imagination as Insurrection Power. Running from the inside of Dominant Languages, certain literary uses make clear a variety of Resistance Strategies to Otherness Annihilation attempts, characteristic feature of hegemonic languages. J. Joyce and P. Celan “Writings” are studied as Linguistic Imagination exercises which, resorting to different resources (proliferation of the Strange, Subtraction and Silence), show the Political as well as Ethical significance of resisting through Writing.

Political sensitivity and government oversight in the US corporate bond market: evidence from federal contractors

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1173-1189
Author(s):  
Karen Ann Craig ◽  
Brandy Hadley
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bond Market ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
The Political ◽  
Yield Spreads ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Government Oversight ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Us ◽  
Government Contractors

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the political cost hypothesis and the effects of political sensitivity-induced governance in the US bond market by using yield spreads from bonds issued by a diverse sample of US government contractors. Design/methodology/approach Fixed effects regression analysis is used to test the relation between the political sensitivity of government contractor firms and their cost of debt. Findings Results illustrated that government contractors with greater political sensitivity are associated with larger yield spreads, indicating that bondholders require a premium when firms endure the costs of increased political oversight and the threat of outside intervention, reducing the certainty of future income. However, despite the overall positive impact of political sensitivity on bond yield spreads on average, the authors found that the additional government oversight is associated with lower spreads when the firm is facing greater repayment risk. Practical implications Despite the benefits of winning a government contract, this paper identifies a direct financial cost of increased political sensitivity because of additional firm oversight and potential intervention. Importantly, it also finds that this governance is valued by bondholders when faced with increased risk. Firms must balance their desire for government receipts with the costs and benefits of dependence on those expenditures. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature in its exploration of political sensitivity as an important determinant of the cost of debt for corporate government contractors. Specifically, the authors document a significant risk premium in bond pricing because of the joint effects of the visibility and importance of government contracts to the firm.

scholarly journals Des Institutions en Personne: Une sociologie pragmatique en dialogue avec Paul Ricœur

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Thévenot
Keyword(s):  
Paul Ricoeur ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
Paul Ricœur ◽  
Familiar World ◽  
Moral Sociology ◽  
User Friendly

French so-called sociologie pragmatique is indebted to Ricœur's philosophy on several points. After recalling them, the article focuses on the political and moral sociology which initiated this pragmatist turn. The dialogue with Ricœur firstly developed around theories of justice (Rawls, Walzer, Boltanski and Thévenot) and the author considers its main outlines: pluralism, the legitimacy of judgment, the recognition of authority, politics. A second part of the article builds on the continued relations resulting from the author's new developments of the sociology of engagements. Referring to "Le socius et le prochain" by Ricœur, and relying on sociological observations, the author addresses the issue of institutions and policies expected to become more user-friendly. He confronts the virtue of charity, which Ricœur brings to the fore, to the "art of composition" through which agents are engaged in the good of civic solidarity while engaging in functional tasks and also with the familiar world of personal attachments.

Abundance of undiagnosed cardiometabolic risk within the population of a long-stay prison in the UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J Gray ◽  
Christie Craddock ◽  
Zoe Couzens ◽  
Evie Bain ◽  
Gareth J Dunseath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Clinical Markers ◽  
Screening Guidelines ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Hdl

Abstract Background The health of people in prisons is a public health issue. It is well known that those in prison experience poorer health outcomes than those in the general community. One such example is the burden of non-communicable diseases, more specifically cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, there is limited evidence research on the extent of cardiometabolic risk factors in the prison environment in Wales, the wider UK or globally. Methods Risk assessments were performed on a representative sample of 299 men at HMP Parc, Bridgend. The risk assessments were 30 min in duration and men aged 25–84 years old and free from pre-existing CVD and T2DM were eligible. During the risk assessment, a number of demographic, anthropometric and clinical markers were obtained. The 10-year risk of CVD and T2DM was predicted using the QRISK2 algorithm and Diabetes UK Risk Score, respectively. Results The majority of the men was found to be either overweight (43.5%) or obese (37.5%) and/or demonstrated evidence of central obesity (40.1%). Cardiometabolic risk factors including systolic hypertension (25.1%), high cholesterol (29.8%), low HDL cholesterol (56.2%) and elevated total cholesterol: HDL ratios (23.1%) were observed in a considerable number of men. Ultimately, 15.4% were calculated at increased risk of CVD, and 31.8% predicted at moderate or high risk of T2DM. Conclusions Overall, a substantial prevalence of previously undiagnosed cardiometabolic risk factors was observed and men in prison are at elevated risk of cardiometabolic disease at a younger age than current screening guidelines.

Domestic violence and abuse and mental health

2020 ◽  
pp. 1451-1460
Author(s):  
Louise M. Howard ◽  
Deirdre MacManus
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Health It ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Domestic Violence And Abuse ◽  
Global Public Health Problem

Domestic violence and abuse (DVA) is a global public health problem, accounting for up to 7% of the overall burden of disease among women, mostly due to its impact on mental ill health. It includes partner violence and violence perpetrated by other family members on adults, and may involve mutual violence or can involve coercive and controlling behaviours. Women are at greatest risk of serious physical and sexual assaults, including being victims of domestic homicide. There is growing evidence that men and women with mental disorders, particularly severe disorders, are at increased risk of being both victims and perpetrators of DVA. Despite barriers to disclosure, psychiatric services are well placed to identify and reduce the risk of future DVA and treat the mental health consequences.

Towards an Arendtian Conception of Justice

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-239
Author(s):  
Yasemin Sari
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Judgment ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
The World ◽  
Principle Of Justice

Abstract This article argues that Arendt’s rich account of the political necessarily involves an implicit, but never fully worked out, phenomenological articulation of justice in her work. Arendt’s unique articulation of the role of judgment in political action provides us with the outline of an Arendtian principle of justice that relieves the tension between idealist and realist theories of justice. Building on this role of judgment, I aim to emphasize the phenomenological premise of identifying the conditions for the possibility of the political in empirico-historical events rooted in her ideas of plurality and freedom. By showing that, for Arendt, justice is a phenomenon like power and equality, we can make progress on an implicit account of justice in her work. Taking seriously Arendt’s articulation of freedom-manifesting and principled political action, I will show that a principle of justice guides political action based on political judgment that is affectively oriented to the world.

Some Political Consequences of Pragmatism

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-336
Author(s):  
Alexander Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Democratic Socialism ◽  
American Pragmatism ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
Egalitarian Justice ◽  
Oriented Approach

The question of what political consequences, if any, follow from American pragmatism is nearly as old as pragmatism itself. David Rondel’s Pragmatist Egalitarianism breathes new life into this old debate. Rondel outlines a distinctively pluralistic and problem-oriented approach to political philosophy that claims to “reconcile and mediate” the false dichotomies and interminable debates marking philosophical discourses of egalitarian justice. This article identifies two competing visions of the political consequences of Rondel’s egalitarian brand of pragmatism: one Rortyan and deflationary, the other Deweyan and reconstructive. Rondel’s reconstructive argument shows how pragmatism’s democratic radicalism pushes beyond the liberal consensus of contemporary theories of justice and towards a more robust conception of democratic socialism, yet the full implications of this position are cut short by the book’s competing deflationary mode.

Analyzing Freedom from the Shadows of Slavery

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 162-184
Author(s):  
John Christman
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
The Political ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Social Spaces ◽  
Labor Trafficking ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Central Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theories Of Justice

Philosophical treatments of core value concepts often abstract from the troubled history and fractured present of the societies to which those concepts are meant to apply. In the case of the political tradition of liberal democratic thought, stretching from the social contract theories of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries up through contemporary writers, the notion of individual freedom or liberty is central. However, often that idea, and the assumption of its foundational value for persons, is specified from the perspective of those who enjoy it rather than those struggling to attain it. Moreover, the social spaces that theories of justice that locate freedom as a central value have continue to bracket out of existence the patterns of enslavement, oppression and domination that mark all social spaces. This article attempts a reappraisal of certain dominant understandings of the idea of freedom in both historical and contemporary philosophical discourse in light of this alteration of perspective. Specifically, the current practices of coercive labor, trafficking, irregular labor migration, and other forms of “marginal” social lives are brought into focus in order to guide this reappraisal. The article argues that if we assess these conditions as modes of unfreedom then we must utilize an account of freedom that diverges significantly from those dominant notions. A sketch of this alternative, positive, conception of freedom is then offered.

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