Scholastic and Cosmic Philosophy

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-36
Author(s):  
Lea Ypi
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Critical System ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
System P

This chapter places Kant’s remarks on the architectonic in historical context, and shows how Kant appropriates existing historical sources to advance his own project of the foundation of metaphysics as a science. His vision of philosophy as a unified discipline includes a scholastic and cosmic/cosmopolitan perspective. Kant endorses this distinction to emphasize the importance of systematicity and purposiveness as features of human reason, and appeals to the need for a purposive architectonic principle to integrate reason’s theoretical cognitions with its practical interest. This concept of purposiveness which orients the Doctrine of Method, the chapter argues, has been overlooked in many interpretations, but is helpful to restore the centrality of the Architectonic of Pure Reason to Kant’s overall critical system.

Epilogue

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Henning
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
Transcendental Deduction

This brief chapter summarizes central findings regarding the role of parenthetical sentences in practical discourse. But it also provides historical context. It suggests that a precursor of parentheticalism may be found in Kant, especially in Kant’s views about the “I think,” especially as they are expressed in the B-Version of the “Transcendental Deduction” and the B-Version of the chapter on Paralogisms in the Critique of Pure Reason.

Some Persistent Presumptions of Hegelian Anti-Subjectivism

2019 ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
Karl Ameriks
Keyword(s):  
Transcendental Idealism ◽  
Recent Criticism ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
Critical System ◽  
Theoretical Philosophy

This chapter responds primarily to a recent criticism of Kant by Stephen Houlgate. Like many other recent Hegelian accounts, Houlgate’s severe critique of Kant’s theoretical philosophy contends that, in contrast to Hegel, Kant’s Critical system, especially because of its doctrine of transcendental idealism, presupposes a subjectivist and therefore inadequate position. On the basis of a moderate interpretation of Kant’s idealism and his general Critical procedure, the chapter defends Kant from the charge of subjectivism, and also gives an account of how subjectivist interpretations in general can arise from a series of understandable misunderstandings of difficult passages in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason.

scholarly journals tPA for Acute Ischemic Stroke and Its Controversies: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Dewar ◽  
Michel Shamy
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Emergency Physicians ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Background and Purpose:Although neurologists consider intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to be standard of care in the treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke, its use remains contentious within the broader medical community, and particularly among emergency physicians. Why might this be? We provide a historical context to this ongoing controversy by reviewing how neurologists have conceptualized the acute stroke and its treatment, with the aim of bridging this gap.Methods:Based on historical sources in the Mackie Family History of Neuroscience Collection at the University of Calgary, as well as online resources, we trace the evolution of the concept of the “acute stroke,” which has come to mean a stroke that is potentially treatable with tPA. We frame this conceptualization in relation to historical “building blocks” in anatomy, pathology, and physiology. We then use these building blocks to explain why neurologists understand tPA to be effective and why emergency physicians often do not.Results and Conclusions:Arguments against the use of tPA reiterate 20-year-old concerns about its efficacy and safety. We believe these persistent concerns can be framed as a lack of understanding of the “building blocks” upon which neurologists’ conception of tPA is built. Our view suggests that the way forward to bridge the gap between neurology and other disciplines is not to conduct more trials but to offer a shared conceptualization of the trials already completed and of the intellectual tradition from which they emerged.

Kant on the Philosopher’s Proper Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-113
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Stoner ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
Ways Of Thinking

This essay investigates Kant’s understanding of the philosopher’s proper activity. It begins by examining Kant’s well-known claim in the Critique of Pure Reason that the philosopher is the legislator of human reason. Subsequently, it explicates Kant’s oft-overlooked description of the transcendental philosopher as an admirer of nature’s logical purposiveness, in the ‘First Introduction’ to the Critique of the Power of Judgment. These two accounts suggest very different ways of thinking about the philosopher’s character and concerns. For, while Kant’s philosopher-legislator pursues the practical, world-transformative task of furthering reason’s moral vocation, the transcendental philosopher’s admiration of nature’s purposiveness is a form of a contemplative openness to the contingent but wonderful orderliness of things. I conclude that Kant ultimately recognizes that the tension between legislation and admiration is characteristic of the philosopher and that it is the heart of philosophy’s vitality.

scholarly journals Bioarchaeological Analysis of the Mounted Archers from the Hungarian Conquest Period (10th Century): Horse Riding and Activity-Related Skeletal Changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
William Berthon
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Group ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Insertion Site ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Skeletal Changes ◽  
Horse Riding ◽  
Muscle Insertion ◽  
Direct Measurements

Archaeological and historical sources attest that tribes of semi-nomadic populations conquered the Carpathian Basin with powerful armies of mounted archers at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries, which led to the foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary a hundred years later. Cemeteries from that period often provide cases of deposits of archery and horse riding equipment, as well as horse bones associated with the individuals in the graves. The close association between these items and the skeletons, together with the well-known historical context, allows postulating that the concerned individuals practiced horse riding during their life. The doctoral research had two main objectives. The first one was to contribute to the research on activity reconstructions in past populations with the identification of skeletal changes that could more reliably be associated with the practice of horse riding, in particular. The second objective was to bring an ethnoarchaeological contribution by possibly improving our understanding of the societies from the Hungarian Conquest period and their funerary practices. We selected a sample of 67 individuals from the 10th-century Hungarian cemetery of Sárrétudvari-Hízóföld, which was divided into two groups of individuals, according to the presence or absence of riding deposit in their graves. We also selected a modern (19–20th century) comparison group of 47 presumed non-rider individuals from the documented collection of Lisbon. We analysed different types of skeletal changes commonly used as indicators of activity and behaviour in past populations. Various direct measurements of the lower limb bones were also used to calculate indices of shape and robusticity. Statistical analyses mostly revealed significant differences between the Hungarian groups and the comparison group from Lisbon. They concerned some skeletal changes that can be linked to the riding practice and seem to be promising indicators for this activity. Comparisons between groups also revealed that the Hungarian individuals without riding deposit in their grave were likely riders as well. Both objectives of this research have thus been achieved. We took into consideration most of the pitfalls inherent to research on activity-related skeletal changes, leading to several limitations, such as relatively restricted sample sizes in the archaeological groups, which should be improved in the future. In addition, the multifactorial aetiology of the skeletal changes represented one of the main difficulties for their interpretation in terms of activity. In that regard, we performed an exploratory analysis of the microarchitecture of a muscle insertion site, of which promising results will need to be confirmed with further research with the aim of improving the reconstruction of activities in past populations.

scholarly journals MUTUAL CREDIT SOCIETIES OF NADDNIEPER UKRAINE IN THE CREDIT SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (SECOND HALF OF 19th — EARLY 20th CENTURY)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (39) ◽  
pp. 415-428
Author(s):  
S. Orlyk ◽  
G. Palchevich ◽  
M. Orlyk
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Russian Empire

Abstract. The problem of attracting financial resources for the growth of small and medium-sized businesses was and remains relevant at all stages of the market economy development, which actualizes market research in the historical context. The article provides a historical retrospective to the problem of the mutual credit societies (MCS) creation and activity in 9 Ukrainian governorates, that were part of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. The present paper makes attempt to examine the mechanisms and structure of lending, which was carried out by MCS in general. The objective is to establish the state of MCS’ development in the Ukrainian governorates. The paper also identifies the role of MCS in the lending system that had developed in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries in the Russian Empire. It was used several scientific methods which includes an interdisciplinary approach and are characteristic of research in the economic history field. Various historical sources like published statistical data and archival documents and materials were used. The study has found that the establishment and activity of MCS were focused on providing short-term loans to small and medium-sized businesses, that has been operating in governmental and provincial uyezd towns and cities where the banking system was poorly developed. It was carried out the analysis of development dynamic of quantitative and qualitative indicators of MCS activity. It was determined that the MCS share in the credit system of the Russian Empire constituted 5% in 1914. The study has found that rate of the MCS creating practice was influenced by many factors, which were mainly associated with unsuccessful financial reforms, belated legal regulation and weak episodic state support. The change in the structure of the credit-deposit and other operations provided by MCS has been processed. The range of banking services provided by MCS to their members and other clients was investigated. It has been proved the value of the historical experience of MCS crediting and the possibilities of its use to provide financial support for the development of domestic business are outlined. Keywords: Russian Empire, credit, crediting, loan, bank, mutual credit societies (MCS), banking system. JEL Classification B17, N24 Formulas: 0; fig.: 8; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 35.

The Creation of Eternal Truths

2019 ◽  
pp. 530-546
Author(s):  
Dan Arbib
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
Eternal Truths ◽  
Analogy Of Being ◽  
Divine Omnipotence ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Creation

Among the most original of the features of Cartesian thought is the thesis of the “creation of eternal truths”. From the outset this thesis confronts a paradox: although Descartes’s immediate successors considered it fundamental, historians of philosophy have long ignored it, and it was not until the works of Alquié and Rodis-Lewis, and then Marion, that this thesis was given the importance it deserves. In fact—and Descartes’s immediate successors were not deceived—if this thesis is crucial, it is because it points to the heart of Cartesian thought, so the whole of Descartes’s thought can be evaluated in its light. The challenge it poses is the relation between the infinite (God) and the finite (human reason), and it concerns the status of truths and rationality, the question of the equivocity or analogy of being and knowledge, and therefore the status of the possible in the face of divine omnipotence. In order to appreciate the theoretical breadth of this thesis, this chapter attempts to put it in its historical context: among Descartes’s predecessors we find possible opposition to this doctrine as well as anticipations of it, even if these are only partial. Finally, it considers the reception of the doctrine among post-Cartesians.

Words or Things in American History?

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
Steven Conn
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Social History ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Linguistic Turn ◽  
Material Culture Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter uses John Kouwenhoven’s 1963 essay “American Studies: Words or Things” as a touchstone to examine the history of the relationship between material culture and the study of the past. Material culture studies promised access both to the history of those who left no written records and to a different kind of cognitive insight than could be gained from traditional historical sources. While this was of a piece with the development of the “new social history” in the 1960s, the chapter looks back to the early twentieth century to put Kouwenhoven’s call for the study of material culture in a longer historical context, and it traces what happened to material culture studies over the last half-century. The chapter suggests that despite its many accomplishments, the use of material culture remains on the edges of most historical work, especially after historians took the linguistic turn, which refocused their attention on texts rather than things.

For the Love of Metaphysics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Nisenbaum
Keyword(s):  
German Idealism ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
Critical Philosophy ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
The Third ◽  
Irreducible Elements ◽  
Temporal Dimensions

In his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant argued that human reason is inherently conflicted, because it demands a form of unconditioned knowledge that transcends its capacity; his solution to this conflict of reason relies on the idea that reason’s quest for the unconditioned can only be realized practically. This book proposes to view the conflict of reason, and Kant’s solution to this conflict, as the central problem shaping the contours of post-Kantian German Idealism. I contend that the rise and fall of German Idealism is to be told as a story about the different interpretations, appropriations, and radicalization of Kant’s prioritizing of the practical. The first part of the book explains why Kant’s critics and followers came to understand the aim of Kant’s critical philosophy in light of the conflict of reason. I argue that F. H. Jacobi and Salomon Maimon set the stage for the reception of Kant’s critical philosophy by conceiving its aim in terms of meeting reason’s demand for unconditioned knowledge, and by understanding the conflict of reason as a conflict between thinking and acting, or knowing and willing. The manner in which the post-Kantian German Idealists radicalized Kant’s prioritizing of the practical is the central topic of the second part of the book, which focuses on works by J. G. Fichte and F. W. J. Schelling. The third part of the book clarifies why, in order to solve the conflict of reason, Schelling and Rosenzweig developed the view that human experience is grounded in three irreducible elements—God, the natural world, and human beings—which relate in three temporal dimensions: Creation, Revelation, and Redemption.

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