Verb-Verb Complexes in Asian Languages

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Complex Predicate ◽  
Rich Variety ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Areal Linguistics ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Asian Languages ◽  
Verb Categories

This volume presents a detailed survey of the systems of verb-verb complexes in Asian languages from both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective. Many Asian languages share, to a greater or lesser extent, a unique class of compound verbs each consisting of a main verb and a quasi-auxiliary verb known as a ‘vector’ or ‘explicator’. These quasi-auxiliary verbs exhibit unique grammatical behavior that suggests that they have an intermediate status between full lexical verbs and wholly reduced auxiliaries. They are also semantically unique, in that when they are combined with main verbs, they can convey a rich variety of functional meanings beyond the traditional notions of tense, aspect, and modality, such as manner and intensity of action, benefaction for speaker or hearer, and polite or derogatory styles in speech. In this book, leading specialists in a range of Asian languages offer an in-depth analysis of the longstanding questions relating to the diachrony and geographical distribution of verb-verb complexes. The findings have implications for the general understanding of the grammaticalization of verb categories, complex predicate formation, aktionsart and event semantics, the morphology-syntax-semantics interface, areal linguistics, and typology.

scholarly journals Verbs of falling in Kazakh language

2020 ◽  
Vol XVI (1) ◽  
pp. 523-544
Author(s):  
A. Kazenkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

The article is devoted to the semantic analysis of verbs of falling in Kazakh language. In particular, the composition of a group of verbs is revealed, their semantic features were described, the usage as part of serial constructions and the main directions of metaphor construction. The article has used the method of analysis, which was created by the Moscow Lexical Typology Group. Data collection was performed through the dictionaries, corpus data, speech observation, a survey of Kazakh speakers, etc. The main verb of falling in Kazakh is the verb құлау. It means falling from above, losing a vertical orientation, crashing down. In contrast to this, the separation of one object from another or the part of a whole is expressed by the verb түсу ‘to descend / fall’, as well as ұшу ‘to fl y’, шығу ‘to go out’. Moreover, the Kazakh language has a number of verbs,which are detailing the process of falling by its nature, the type of subject of falling, etc. The process of falling is detailed by a number of verbs: аударылу ‘to turn over’; ауу ‘to overturn / to tumble/ to turn over / hang on one side’; жығылу ‘to be dumped/ to be dropped’; сүріну ‘to stumble’; төмендеу ‘to lower/ to fall’ etc.In addition, verbs of falling are often found by the type of subject of falling. Viaverbs can be detected various types of precipitation, falling drops, small objects, liquid and loose substances, etc. Kazakh verbs of falling are used as part of serial constructions: in combination with auxiliary verbs қалу ‘to stay’ and кету ‘to go away’, they express the meaning of suddenness, brevity or completeness of action. The verb of falling түсу ‘to go down/ to get down/ to fall’ can also stand out as an auxiliary verb. Verbs of falling develop metaphorical meanings of decrease, the loss of functionality by objects and disability by a person, a sudden and uncontrolled process, etc. At the same time, this or that type of metaphor, as a rule, is expressed by any verb of falling.

scholarly journals Expressions of obligation, duty, and necessity in Livonian

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-214
Author(s):  
Tiit-Rein Viitso
Keyword(s):  
Finite Form ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
To Come ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Three Components

In Livonian, obligation, duty, and necessity are expressed mainly by means of constructions containing a finite form of the auxiliary verbs piḑīm ‘must’ and piḑīks ‘should have to’, tūlda ‘to come’, lǟ’dõ ‘to go’, vȱlda ‘to be’ and līdõ ‘shall, will’. The multitude of constructions can be reduced to eleven underlying constructional models consisting of three components: (a) the experiencer in the nominative or the experiencer in the dative (which can occur with all auxiliaries), (b) an auxiliary verb as the predicate and (c) the infinitive, a supine form or a participle of a main verb or the adverb vajāg ‘necessary’ and the object noun.Kokkuvõte. Tiit-Rein Viitso: Sundi, kohustust ja vajadust väljendavad konstruktsioonid liivi keeles. Liivi keeles väljendatakse sundi, kohustust ja vajadust peamiselt tarinditega, mille koostisse kuulub abiverbide piḑīm ‘pidada (kindel kõneviis)’ ja piḑiks ‘peaks’, tūlda ‘tulla’, lǟ’dõ ‘minna’, vȱlda ‘olla’ ja līdõ ‘leeda’ finiitvorm. Tarindite suur hulk taandub kümnele alusmallile, millel on kolm komponenti: (a) kas nominatiivne kogejaalus või daativne kogejamäärus (mis võib esineda koos kõigi abiverbidega), (b) öeldisabiverb ning (c) peaverbi infinitiiv, supiinivorm või kesksõna või siis määrsõna vajāg ‘vaja’ koos sihitisnoomeniga.Märksõnad: liivi keel, sund, kohustus, vajadus, kogeja, kogejamäärus daativisKubbõvõtāmi. Tiit-Rein Viitso. Võttõd ja pǟlõpandõd tīedõbõd ja vajāgõmõd ulzõkītõmi līvõ kīelsõ. Līvõ kīelsõ sǭbõd võttõd ja pǟlõpandõd tīedõbõd ja vajāgõmõd ulzõ kītõd pǟažālistõz konstruktsijd abkõks, kunā kūlõbõd abtīemizsõnād piḑīm ja piḑīks, tūlda, lǟdõ, vȱlda ja līdõ nõtkijid formõd. Konstruktsijd sūr lug sǭb lītiņtõd īdtuoistõn alīzeitõks pǟlõ, mingiztõn um kuolm komponentõ: (a) kāndatiji subjekt nominatīvs agā kāndatiji objekt datīvs, (b) predikātabtīemizsõnā, (c) pǟtīemizsõnā infinitīv, supīn form agā vaitsõnā agā siz advärb vajāg objektažāsõnāks.

scholarly journals Case marking in Korean auxiliary verb constructions

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Jung Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Actual Case ◽  
Complicated Case ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Complex Predicate ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Feature Values ◽  
Structural Case ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

This paper deals with case marking in auxiliary verb constructions (AVCs) in Korean, and investigates how the case marking pattern in AVCs can be explained in terms of structural case resolution in the spirit of Pollard 1994, Heinz & Matiasek 1994, and Przepiórkowski 1999. In this paper, a new set of data involving various combinations of auxiliary verbs is presented to point out problems for both transformational analyses based on head movement and previous HPSG analyses in which the final auxiliary verb solely determines the case of the complements of the whole complex predicate. This paper shows that while most auxiliary verbs "inherit" the case marking property of the preceding verb, the auxiliary verbs siph- 'want' and ha- 'act like' have an additional property of assigning nominative and accusative case, respectively, to their complements. The actual case assignment by these auxiliary verbs is made possible, however, depending on what other kind of auxiliary verbs they are combined with. Based on the complex predicate analysis of AVCs, this paper proposes that complicated case patterns in AVCs can be accounted for by classification of verbs/auxiliary verbs via distinct feature values and by the mechanism of structural case resolution.

scholarly journals The Meanings of Modal Auxiliary Verbs in the Movie "The Perks of being a Wallflower"

Lexicon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herlina Endah Atmaja
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

This research attempts to investigate the meanings of modal auxiliary verbs in the movie The Perks of being a Wallflower. In particular, it aims to identify and classify the modal auxiliary verbs according to their meanings. The data used in this research were dialogues containing modal auxiliary verbs. The modal auxiliary verbs are analyzed semantically and pragmatically. Based on the data analysis, 171 modal auxiliary verbs were found in the movie. The most commonly used modal auxiliary verb in the movie is the modal auxiliary will (28.7%), followed by can (24.0%), would (21.6%), could (14.0%), should (7.0%), might (2.9%), and must (1.8%). From the 171 modal auxiliary verbs, 43 (25.1%) are used to express epistemic meanings, 23 (13.4%) are used to express deontic meanings, and 105 (61.3%) are used to express dynamic meanings. It was found in this research that the modal auxiliary verbs are most frequently used to express dynamic meanings.

scholarly journals Auxiliary Verbs in Serbo-Croatian, French, Persian, Spanish and English: A Cognitive-Semantic Approach to the Auxiliary Verb Usage and Passive Voice

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Rajdeep Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Duality Principle ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
French And English ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
The Way

Auxiliary verbs have an important influence in the way languages connect with the cognitive processes. In this study, we investigate the role of auxiliary verbs in the formation of the semantic picture we get from their usage. Furthermore, the semantic notion and its interaction with the cognitive processing are taken into account. For our goal to be more tangible and testable, we took Serbo-Croatian, Persian, Spanish, French and English for an in-depth analysis, wherefrom we proposed a classification scheme for all languages based on the behavior of their auxiliary verbs. Based on the proposed model, we investigate furthermore the passive voice in English and propose a strong explanation for the cognitive-semantic sense of the passive in English based on the cognitive duality principle. Importance of Croatian in the way that it forms an extreme pole in the proposed classification scheme is further discussed. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that Persian has a syntactic incorporation in its simple past and present perfect. 

Lemmatization of compound tenses in English

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 71-122
Author(s):  
Maurice Gross
Keyword(s):  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Compound Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

We generalize the process of lemmatization of verbs to their compound tenses. Usually, lemmatization is limited on verbs conjugated by means of suffixes; tense auxiliaries and modal verbs (e.g. I have left, I am leaving, I could leave) are ignored. We have constructed a set of 83 finite-state grammars which parse auxiliary verbs and thus recognizes the ‘head verb’, that is, the lemma. We generalize the notion of auxiliary verb to verbs with sentential complements which have transformed constructions (e.g. I want to go) that can be parsed in exactly the same way as tense auxiliaries or modal verbs. Ambiguities arise, in particular because adverbial inserts occur inside the compound verbs,. We show how local grammars describing nominal contexts can be used to reduce the degree of ambiguity.

scholarly journals A semantic analysis of modal DE 得 in pre-modern Chinese

Lingua Sinica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Barbara Meisterernst
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Semantic Constraints ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Archaic Chinese ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Sinitic Languages

Abstract In this paper, the lexical semantics of the pre-modal verb 得 dé and its development into a modal auxiliary will be discussed. Two different positions are available for the modal dé, the default preverbal position of modal auxiliary verbs and a post-verbal position. The analysis of the event and the argument structure of the lexical verb dé reveals that the different modal uses of dé originate from its functions as an achievement verb. In this regard, dé clearly differs from the other verbs of possibility in Late Archaic Chinese. The particular syntacto-semantic constraints of dé can account for its development into both a modal auxiliary verb, and for the particular functions it develops in the Modern Sinitic languages as a postverbal modal marker.

scholarly journals On a Marginal Use of the Imperative in East Slavic Monuments of the 11th–15th Centuries

Slovene ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-158
Author(s):  
Yana A. Pen’kova
Keyword(s):  
Original Structure ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Rhetorical Construction ◽  
Literary Structure ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Analytical Construction ◽  
The Future ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Imperative Mood

The paper is devoted to the marginal construction that appears to be a kind of hybrid of an imperative and the future perfect: the auxiliary verb has the form of the imperative mood and is used with an l-participle. The construction is semantically and structurally similar to the Slavic perfect and the Slavic future perfect, however it is attested only in some archaic translated Church Slavonic monuments represented by East Slavic copies from the 11th through the 15th centuries of South Slavic translations (these include the Catechetical Lectures of Cyril of Jerusalem and the Homily to the Entombment and the Resurrection of Jesus Christ by Gregory of Antioch, as a part of the Uspensky Sbornik of the 12th–13th century) or by East Slavic translations of the Story of Ahikar. The author of the article suggests different interpretations of the grammatical state of the construction in question and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. The following interpretations are offered: 1) regarding the construction as a tracing of the original structure, 2) regarding it as an artificial rhetorical construction, and 3) regarding it as an analytical construction with an auxiliary verb in the imperative mood and the main verb in the form of an l-participle. It seems preferable not to regard the construction as a simple calque of the original structure but rather as a particular archaic perfect imperative periphrasis. It remains unclear, however, whether it was an exclusively literary structure and was used as a possible means of translating Greek constructions with éstō or if it could be used independently.

scholarly journals Teaching Simple Present in Writing Through Short Story on Youtube To Accounting Students at University of Bina Sarana Informatika

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Paramita Kusumawardhani
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Teaching Writing ◽  
Accounting Students ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
The Media ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Writing Technology

<p><span lang="EN-US">This research discusses the use of short story on YouTube in teaching simple present tense to Accounting students. The development of technology has influenced in English teaching learning ways. There are some skills that should be mastered by the learners in learning English, they are listening, speaking, reading and writing. Technology can be used in all English skills, such as the use of YouTube in teaching writing. There are many short stories on YouTube that can be used as one of the media in teaching writing. Simple present is used to show the activity which is done repeatedly. It is also used to show about general truth or fact. It is chosen as the students, especially Accounting students, still have difficulties in implementing simple present in the sentence. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative method and the participants of this research were the students from Accounting Department, 1st semester of University Bina Sarana Informatika. The results of the research are: (1) most students have understood about the pattern of the verb used in simple present tense; (2) most of them have known about using verbs or auxiliary verbs; and (3) some of them made mistakes of the writing of the verb and auxiliary verb.</span></p>

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