scholarly journals Expressions of obligation, duty, and necessity in Livonian

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-214
Author(s):  
Tiit-Rein Viitso
Keyword(s):  
Finite Form ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
To Come ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Three Components

In Livonian, obligation, duty, and necessity are expressed mainly by means of constructions containing a finite form of the auxiliary verbs piḑīm ‘must’ and piḑīks ‘should have to’, tūlda ‘to come’, lǟ’dõ ‘to go’, vȱlda ‘to be’ and līdõ ‘shall, will’. The multitude of constructions can be reduced to eleven underlying constructional models consisting of three components: (a) the experiencer in the nominative or the experiencer in the dative (which can occur with all auxiliaries), (b) an auxiliary verb as the predicate and (c) the infinitive, a supine form or a participle of a main verb or the adverb vajāg ‘necessary’ and the object noun.Kokkuvõte. Tiit-Rein Viitso: Sundi, kohustust ja vajadust väljendavad konstruktsioonid liivi keeles. Liivi keeles väljendatakse sundi, kohustust ja vajadust peamiselt tarinditega, mille koostisse kuulub abiverbide piḑīm ‘pidada (kindel kõneviis)’ ja piḑiks ‘peaks’, tūlda ‘tulla’, lǟ’dõ ‘minna’, vȱlda ‘olla’ ja līdõ ‘leeda’ finiitvorm. Tarindite suur hulk taandub kümnele alusmallile, millel on kolm komponenti: (a) kas nominatiivne kogejaalus või daativne kogejamäärus (mis võib esineda koos kõigi abiverbidega), (b) öeldisabiverb ning (c) peaverbi infinitiiv, supiinivorm või kesksõna või siis määrsõna vajāg ‘vaja’ koos sihitisnoomeniga.Märksõnad: liivi keel, sund, kohustus, vajadus, kogeja, kogejamäärus daativisKubbõvõtāmi. Tiit-Rein Viitso. Võttõd ja pǟlõpandõd tīedõbõd ja vajāgõmõd ulzõkītõmi līvõ kīelsõ. Līvõ kīelsõ sǭbõd võttõd ja pǟlõpandõd tīedõbõd ja vajāgõmõd ulzõ kītõd pǟažālistõz konstruktsijd abkõks, kunā kūlõbõd abtīemizsõnād piḑīm ja piḑīks, tūlda, lǟdõ, vȱlda ja līdõ nõtkijid formõd. Konstruktsijd sūr lug sǭb lītiņtõd īdtuoistõn alīzeitõks pǟlõ, mingiztõn um kuolm komponentõ: (a) kāndatiji subjekt nominatīvs agā kāndatiji objekt datīvs, (b) predikātabtīemizsõnā, (c) pǟtīemizsõnā infinitīv, supīn form agā vaitsõnā agā siz advärb vajāg objektažāsõnāks.

scholarly journals Verbs of falling in Kazakh language

2020 ◽  
Vol XVI (1) ◽  
pp. 523-544
Author(s):  
A. Kazenkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

The article is devoted to the semantic analysis of verbs of falling in Kazakh language. In particular, the composition of a group of verbs is revealed, their semantic features were described, the usage as part of serial constructions and the main directions of metaphor construction. The article has used the method of analysis, which was created by the Moscow Lexical Typology Group. Data collection was performed through the dictionaries, corpus data, speech observation, a survey of Kazakh speakers, etc. The main verb of falling in Kazakh is the verb құлау. It means falling from above, losing a vertical orientation, crashing down. In contrast to this, the separation of one object from another or the part of a whole is expressed by the verb түсу ‘to descend / fall’, as well as ұшу ‘to fl y’, шығу ‘to go out’. Moreover, the Kazakh language has a number of verbs,which are detailing the process of falling by its nature, the type of subject of falling, etc. The process of falling is detailed by a number of verbs: аударылу ‘to turn over’; ауу ‘to overturn / to tumble/ to turn over / hang on one side’; жығылу ‘to be dumped/ to be dropped’; сүріну ‘to stumble’; төмендеу ‘to lower/ to fall’ etc.In addition, verbs of falling are often found by the type of subject of falling. Viaverbs can be detected various types of precipitation, falling drops, small objects, liquid and loose substances, etc. Kazakh verbs of falling are used as part of serial constructions: in combination with auxiliary verbs қалу ‘to stay’ and кету ‘to go away’, they express the meaning of suddenness, brevity or completeness of action. The verb of falling түсу ‘to go down/ to get down/ to fall’ can also stand out as an auxiliary verb. Verbs of falling develop metaphorical meanings of decrease, the loss of functionality by objects and disability by a person, a sudden and uncontrolled process, etc. At the same time, this or that type of metaphor, as a rule, is expressed by any verb of falling.

Verb-Verb Complexes in Asian Languages

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Complex Predicate ◽  
Rich Variety ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Areal Linguistics ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Asian Languages ◽  
Verb Categories

This volume presents a detailed survey of the systems of verb-verb complexes in Asian languages from both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective. Many Asian languages share, to a greater or lesser extent, a unique class of compound verbs each consisting of a main verb and a quasi-auxiliary verb known as a ‘vector’ or ‘explicator’. These quasi-auxiliary verbs exhibit unique grammatical behavior that suggests that they have an intermediate status between full lexical verbs and wholly reduced auxiliaries. They are also semantically unique, in that when they are combined with main verbs, they can convey a rich variety of functional meanings beyond the traditional notions of tense, aspect, and modality, such as manner and intensity of action, benefaction for speaker or hearer, and polite or derogatory styles in speech. In this book, leading specialists in a range of Asian languages offer an in-depth analysis of the longstanding questions relating to the diachrony and geographical distribution of verb-verb complexes. The findings have implications for the general understanding of the grammaticalization of verb categories, complex predicate formation, aktionsart and event semantics, the morphology-syntax-semantics interface, areal linguistics, and typology.

scholarly journals The Meanings of Modal Auxiliary Verbs in the Movie "The Perks of being a Wallflower"

Lexicon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herlina Endah Atmaja
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

This research attempts to investigate the meanings of modal auxiliary verbs in the movie The Perks of being a Wallflower. In particular, it aims to identify and classify the modal auxiliary verbs according to their meanings. The data used in this research were dialogues containing modal auxiliary verbs. The modal auxiliary verbs are analyzed semantically and pragmatically. Based on the data analysis, 171 modal auxiliary verbs were found in the movie. The most commonly used modal auxiliary verb in the movie is the modal auxiliary will (28.7%), followed by can (24.0%), would (21.6%), could (14.0%), should (7.0%), might (2.9%), and must (1.8%). From the 171 modal auxiliary verbs, 43 (25.1%) are used to express epistemic meanings, 23 (13.4%) are used to express deontic meanings, and 105 (61.3%) are used to express dynamic meanings. It was found in this research that the modal auxiliary verbs are most frequently used to express dynamic meanings.

Lemmatization of compound tenses in English

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 71-122
Author(s):  
Maurice Gross
Keyword(s):  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Compound Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

We generalize the process of lemmatization of verbs to their compound tenses. Usually, lemmatization is limited on verbs conjugated by means of suffixes; tense auxiliaries and modal verbs (e.g. I have left, I am leaving, I could leave) are ignored. We have constructed a set of 83 finite-state grammars which parse auxiliary verbs and thus recognizes the ‘head verb’, that is, the lemma. We generalize the notion of auxiliary verb to verbs with sentential complements which have transformed constructions (e.g. I want to go) that can be parsed in exactly the same way as tense auxiliaries or modal verbs. Ambiguities arise, in particular because adverbial inserts occur inside the compound verbs,. We show how local grammars describing nominal contexts can be used to reduce the degree of ambiguity.

scholarly journals A semantic analysis of modal DE 得 in pre-modern Chinese

Lingua Sinica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Barbara Meisterernst
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Semantic Constraints ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Archaic Chinese ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Sinitic Languages

Abstract In this paper, the lexical semantics of the pre-modal verb 得 dé and its development into a modal auxiliary will be discussed. Two different positions are available for the modal dé, the default preverbal position of modal auxiliary verbs and a post-verbal position. The analysis of the event and the argument structure of the lexical verb dé reveals that the different modal uses of dé originate from its functions as an achievement verb. In this regard, dé clearly differs from the other verbs of possibility in Late Archaic Chinese. The particular syntacto-semantic constraints of dé can account for its development into both a modal auxiliary verb, and for the particular functions it develops in the Modern Sinitic languages as a postverbal modal marker.

scholarly journals On a Marginal Use of the Imperative in East Slavic Monuments of the 11th–15th Centuries

Slovene ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-158
Author(s):  
Yana A. Pen’kova
Keyword(s):  
Original Structure ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Rhetorical Construction ◽  
Literary Structure ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Analytical Construction ◽  
The Future ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Imperative Mood

The paper is devoted to the marginal construction that appears to be a kind of hybrid of an imperative and the future perfect: the auxiliary verb has the form of the imperative mood and is used with an l-participle. The construction is semantically and structurally similar to the Slavic perfect and the Slavic future perfect, however it is attested only in some archaic translated Church Slavonic monuments represented by East Slavic copies from the 11th through the 15th centuries of South Slavic translations (these include the Catechetical Lectures of Cyril of Jerusalem and the Homily to the Entombment and the Resurrection of Jesus Christ by Gregory of Antioch, as a part of the Uspensky Sbornik of the 12th–13th century) or by East Slavic translations of the Story of Ahikar. The author of the article suggests different interpretations of the grammatical state of the construction in question and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. The following interpretations are offered: 1) regarding the construction as a tracing of the original structure, 2) regarding it as an artificial rhetorical construction, and 3) regarding it as an analytical construction with an auxiliary verb in the imperative mood and the main verb in the form of an l-participle. It seems preferable not to regard the construction as a simple calque of the original structure but rather as a particular archaic perfect imperative periphrasis. It remains unclear, however, whether it was an exclusively literary structure and was used as a possible means of translating Greek constructions with éstō or if it could be used independently.

scholarly journals Teaching Simple Present in Writing Through Short Story on Youtube To Accounting Students at University of Bina Sarana Informatika

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Paramita Kusumawardhani
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Teaching Writing ◽  
Accounting Students ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
The Media ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Writing Technology

<p><span lang="EN-US">This research discusses the use of short story on YouTube in teaching simple present tense to Accounting students. The development of technology has influenced in English teaching learning ways. There are some skills that should be mastered by the learners in learning English, they are listening, speaking, reading and writing. Technology can be used in all English skills, such as the use of YouTube in teaching writing. There are many short stories on YouTube that can be used as one of the media in teaching writing. Simple present is used to show the activity which is done repeatedly. It is also used to show about general truth or fact. It is chosen as the students, especially Accounting students, still have difficulties in implementing simple present in the sentence. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative method and the participants of this research were the students from Accounting Department, 1st semester of University Bina Sarana Informatika. The results of the research are: (1) most students have understood about the pattern of the verb used in simple present tense; (2) most of them have known about using verbs or auxiliary verbs; and (3) some of them made mistakes of the writing of the verb and auxiliary verb.</span></p>

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING OF UZBEK AND KOREAN AUXILIARY VERBS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon SANGHEUM ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrast Study ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Corpus Construction ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sentence Construction ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Structural Aspects

Uzbek and Korean are characterized by agglutination. When comparing and contrasting the two languages, we can find quite a few similarities in the conjugation of verbs, especially auxiliary verbs, where the characteristics of the agglutinating language are most prominent. In the use of auxiliary verbs, the two languages ​​are similar in semantically as well as in simple structural aspects, and there are many cases where the same meaning is expressed using the auxiliary verb. On the other hand, there are differences as well, but there is still a lack of comparative studies between the two languages ​​on the corresponding grammar item. In addition, errors in the most common and widely used Google translator can also be found. Although there were no major problems in conveying simple meanings, sentence construction using auxiliary verbs was not performed properly. By briefly introducing these problems, it was found that the necessity for contrast study and corpus construction between the two languages was required.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of French and English Auxiliary Verbs

IJOHMN ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Akintoye, Festu Ayodimeji
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
The Past ◽  
French And English ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
French Grammar ◽  
The Way

Auxiliary verbs in English and French languages are very germane in constructing sentences in both languages. Therefore, this study examines the way auxiliary verbs are used in English and French Languages; and some features where learners of either language may encounter some difficulties in the course of learning. Our attention is drawn to auxiliary verbs because verb is what that makes any sentence functions the way it is. Verb is one of the most important parts of speech in French grammar and also in English .It is through verb that one knows when an action takes place. When a verb helps another verb to form one of its tenses in a sentence, such verb can be said to be auxiliary. This paper also focuses on auxiliary verbs and how verbs are used in the past and present indications. Auxiliary verbs cannot stand or function alone without relying on the main verb in both English and French languages. Finally, we shall concurrently consider in this paper how semi-auxiliary verbs function as modal auxiliary in French.

FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE VERB "ЖҮР" IN THE KAZAN LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
M. Zholshayeva ◽  
◽  
T. Kalibekuly ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Analytical Form ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

The article focuses on the semantic and grammatical features of the verb zhur (zhur - walk), one of the most active words in the Kazakh language. Although this verb is semantically a verb of movement, it is considered together with the verbs that remain in the classification in relation to the semantic groups of words that mean action. The only reason for this is the grammatical features of the verb. Taking into account these features, the article identifies the basis for the combination of the lexeme with the lexical and semantic groups of verbs. This is done by conducting a component (semantic) analysis of the semantic structure of the leading verb in the analytical form of the verb and the semantic structure of the auxiliary verb associated with it. As a result, the functional and semantic features of the verb in the Kazakh language are identified, and the grammatical meanings of the analytical formant with this word in combination with the main verb are shown.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document