Presupposition Triggering and Disambiguation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Sennet
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Approach ◽  
Question Under Discussion ◽  
Unarticulated Constituents

In this essay, we will consider the prospects for recent Gricean theories concerning presupposition triggering. Gricean explanations of presupposition triggering tend to ground triggering in principles concerning the question under discussion or the topic of the sentence. This presents a challenge to the general anti-Gricean conventional approach advocated by Lepore and Stone. We will argue against Gricean approaches and for a conventionalist model. We will also consider how approaches to the phenomena that have motivated Neo-Griceans to posit unarticulated constituents fare on such an approach to presupposition triggering.

Breast Cancer Image Classification: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Pathak ◽  
Anand Singh Jalal ◽  
Ritu Rai
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Breast Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Conventional Approach ◽  
Learning Networks ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Ultrasound Computed Tomography ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Background: Breast cancer represents uncontrolled breast cell growth. Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer improves the chances of survival and increases treatment options. There are various methods for screening breast cancer such as mammogram, ultrasound, computed tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRI is gaining prominence as an alternative screening tool for early detection and breast cancer diagnosis. Nevertheless, MRI can hardly be examined without the use of a Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) framework, due to the vast amount of data. Objective: This paper aims to cover the approaches used in CAD system for the detection of breast cancer. Method: In this paper, the methods used in CAD systems are categories in two classes: the conventional approach and artificial intelligence (AI) approach. The conventional approach covers the basic steps of image processing such as preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. The AI approach covers the various convolutional and deep learning networks used for diagnosis. Conclusion: This review discusses some of the core concepts used in breast cancer and presents a comprehensive review of efforts in the past to address this problem.

Semantics for Reasons

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan R. Weaver ◽  
Kevin Scharp
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Question Under Discussion ◽  
And Linguistics

The focus of the book is the semantics of reasons locutions, for example reasons for someone to do something or believe something or be a certain way. Given the leading role that talk of reasons plays in many different kinds of philosophy, the book addresses issues in the theory of reasons, metaethics, epistemology, the philosophies of language and perception, and linguistics. The primary aim of the book is to present and defend a contextualist semantics of reasons locutions. the book’s contextualism for reasons locutions is based on the idea that conversations have a particular question under discussion (QUD). The QUD in a conversation determines which meaning the word ‘reason’ has in that context. The book shows why reasons contextualism is preferable to four competing views on the topic: Simon Blackburn’s expressivism, Stephen Finlay’s conceptual analysis, Tim Henning’s alternative contextualism, and Niko Kolodny’s relativism. In addition, the work pursues secondary aims of consolidating insights about the nature of reasons from different philosophical subfields and establishing results about reasons in several debates ranging across philosophy. In particular, the book draws the implications of reasons contextualism for the ontology of reasons, indexical facts, whether there are reasons to be rational, the nature of moral reasons, and the idea that reasons have a special place in the realm of normative phenomena in general.

scholarly journals Cervicovestibular rehabilitation in adult with mild traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Langevin ◽  
Philippe Fait ◽  
Pierre Frémont ◽  
Jean-Sébastien Roy
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Neck Pain ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Conventional Approach ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
Link Type

Abstract Background Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is an acknowledged public health problem. Up to 25% of adult with mTBI present persistent symptoms. Headache, dizziness, nausea and neck pain are the most commonly reported symptoms and are frequently associated with cervical spine and vestibular impairments. The most recent international consensus statement (2017 Berlin consensus) recommends the addition of an individualized rehabilitation approach for mTBI with persistent symptoms. The addition of an individualized rehabilitation approach including the evaluation and treatment of cervical and vestibular impairments leading to symptoms such as neck pain, headache and dizziness is, however, recommended based only on limited scientific evidence. The benefit of such intervention should therefore be further investigated. Objective To compare the addition of a 6-week individualized cervicovestibular rehabilitation program to a conventional approach of gradual sub-threshold physical activation (SPA) alone in adults with persistent headache, neck pain and/or dizziness-related following a mTBI on the severity of symptoms and on other indicators of clinical recovery. We hypothesize that such a program will improve all outcomes faster than a conventional approach (between-group differences at 6-week and 12-week). Methods In this single-blind, parallel-group randomized controlled trial, 46 adults with subacute (3 to12 weeks post-injury) persistent mTBI symptoms will be randomly assigned to: 1) a 6-week SPA program or 2) SPA combined with a cervicovestibular rehabilitation program. The cervicovestibular rehabilitation program will include education, cervical spine manual therapy and exercises, vestibular rehabilitation and home exercises. All participants will take part in 4 evaluation sessions (baseline, week 6, 12 and 26) performed by a blinded evaluator. The primary outcome will be the Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale. The secondary outcomes will be time to clearance to return to function, number of recurrent episodes, Global Rating of Change, Numerical Pain Rating Scale, Neck Disability Index, Headache Disability Inventory and Dizziness Handicap Inventory. A 2-way ANOVA and an intention-to-treat analysis will be used. Discussion Controlled trials are needed to determine the best rehabilitation approach for mTBI with persistent symptoms such as neck pain, headache and dizziness. This RCT will be crucial to guide future clinical management recommendations. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier - NCT03677661, Registered on September, 15th 2018.

scholarly journals REASSESSING THE POLISH BRETHREN ON MAGISTRACY, PACIFISM, AND WARFARE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
FRANCESCO QUATRINI
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Conventional Approach ◽  
European Universities ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Radical Reformation

Abstract The Polish Brethren, usually known as Socinians, were perhaps the most infamous Christian sect belonging to the so-called ‘Radical Reformation’. Renowned for their anti-Trinitarian beliefs and their rationalistic approach towards religion, the Brethren also discussed theological-political concepts such as the legitimacy of magistracy and warfare. Relevant literature on the Brethren's socio-political views underestimates their participation in contemporary debates on the ius belli, describing them as pacifists who generally opposed politics and violence until the 1650s, when some of them began defending a more conventional approach towards magistracy and warfare. This article proves that this shift toward a more standard Protestant position occurred as early as the 1620s, when Johannes Crell and Jonas Szlichtyng, two of the most prominent spokespersons among the Brethren, reconciled politics and the Brethren's faith in their writings. The article highlights how the historical situation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth urged them to revise their views on magistracy and warfare, and it argues that they were assisted in this by their education in European universities, especially the Lutheran Academy of Altdorf near Nuremberg, which provided them with different perspectives on the legitimacy of defensive warfare.

scholarly journals Telemedical consultation for remote islands

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-15
Author(s):  
Lukas Dölger ◽  
Robert Wendlandt ◽  
Jan-Thorsten Gräsner ◽  
Niels Renzing
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Approach ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Medical Expertise ◽  
Term Evaluation ◽  
Remote Islands ◽  
Innovative Concept

AbstractThe following work gives an overview of telemedical consultation in emergencies based on a research project. A telemedical centre located at a university hospital offers medical expertise for rural islands independent from place, time and urgency. Medical employees on the islands were relieved in matters of responsibilities and received medical support whenever it is necessary. Results from the projects mid-term evaluation compare the innovative concept with the conventional approach.

Heterogeneous Market Responses and the Listing Effect in M&A

2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 1250007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingzhong Ma ◽  
David A. Whidbee ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Conventional Approach ◽  
Omitted Variables ◽  
Market Responses ◽  
Monitoring Mechanism ◽  
Method Of Payment ◽  
Pooled Samples

Unlisted acquisitions differ from listed ones in three important aspects: the possibility of forming blockholders, which substitute debt as a monitoring mechanism; the liquidity discount, which mitigates managerial hubris; and the distinct deal process through which two-sided asymmetric information is revealed. Due to these differences, same firm and deal characteristics could induce heterogeneous market responses, depending on the target listing status. We find that such heterogeneous responses exist in usual characteristics such as method of payment, relative size, acquirer size, leverage, and market-to-book ratios. After these heterogeneous responses are incorporated, the puzzling "listing effect" disappears. Our results also indicate that the conventional approach used to investigate pooled samples of listed and unlisted acquisitions is effectively misspecified due to omitted variables.

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