Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Mark Knights
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Religious Context ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
Over Time

The introduction offers an overview of the book’s themes, written in a way that is accessible to historians and readers from outside the discipline. The chapter suggests that ‘corruption’ and ‘office’ were both evolving terms over the period covered by the book. ‘Corruption’ was initially a term most frequently used in a religious context, applied to sin and Catholicism, but increasingly took on a more important political, legal, and economic definition. ‘Office’ also shifted, from something considered as a piece of private property with extensive personal privileges and responsible primarily to the monarch to something that was much more publicly accountable with restricted and defined forms of enrichment. Neither ‘corruption’ nor ‘office’ were unchanging universals and their disputed definition and ambiguous meaning over time and place lie at the heart of this study. The introduction sets this process in the context of state formation, imperial expansion, and corporate governance.

Review of Article 27.3(b) and the Patenting of Life Forms: Hitting a BRIC Wall in the WTO?

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-318
Author(s):  
Jagjit Plahe ◽  
Nitesh Kukreja ◽  
Sunil Ponnamperuma
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Under Article 27.3(b) of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO), all members are required to extend private property rights to life forms. Using official WTO documents, this article analyzes the negotiating positions of WTO members on life patents during a review of Article 27.3(b) which commenced in 1999 and is currently ongoing. Initially, developing countries raised serious ethical concerns regarding life patents, creating a clear North-South divide. However, over time the position of Brazil and India moved away from the ethics of life patents to the prevention of bio-piracy, a position supported by China. Russia too is supportive of life patents. A group of small developing countries have, however, continued to question the morality of life patents despite this “BRIC wall,” changing the dynamics of the negotiations from a North-South divide to one which now includes a South-South divide.

Debt and Corporate Governance

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles K. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Credit Risk ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Lending Relationships ◽  
Private Credit ◽  
Traditional Function ◽  
Over Time

This chapter focuses on the evolving role of debt as a tool of corporate governance, or debt governance, within the context of developments in the private credit market. It first discusses debt’s traditional function, with particular emphasis on illiquid loans and the lenders’ reliance on monitoring and covenants in order to manage a borrower’s credit risk. It then considers how loans and lending relationships have evolved over time in light of the increased liquidity of traditionally private instruments. One outcome for debt governance may be a shift from the traditional dependence on covenants and monitoring to a greater reliance on the disciplining effect of liquid credit instruments.

State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810–1900. By Fernando López-Alves. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. 295p. $49.95 cloth, $17.95 paper.

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 856-857
Author(s):  
Lawrence Boudon
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Commercial Agriculture ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
Duke University ◽  
Over Time

One of the most vexing questions posed over time by political scientists is: Why do democratic polities develop in some countries, but not in others? In his seminal work Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (1986), still read today by most students of comparative politics, Barrington Moore strove to answer that question by examining the historical process in which commercial agriculture emerged in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and China. In his book, Fernando López-Alves takes the framework that Moore provided and applies it to three countries in Latin America whose trajectories in the nineteenth century led to different polities and experiences with democracy—Argentina, Colombia, and Uruguay (he also makes brief reference to Paraguay and Venezuela as so-called control cases). While conceding the need for “further testing” (p. 220), he arrives at conclusions that differ significantly from Moore's, even though he does not attempt to dismiss that earlier work.

scholarly journals SHAPING THE SAUDI STATE: HUMAN AGENCY'S SHIFTING ROLE IN RENTIER-STATE FORMATION

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 563a-563a
Author(s):  
Steffen Hertog
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
The State ◽  
Rentier State ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Quality Of Institutions ◽  
State Growth ◽  
Institutional Choices ◽  
Personal Interests ◽  
Over Time

The article offers a revisionist account of how the modern Saudi state emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. Differing with structuralist “rentier-state” accounts, I contend that individual agency has been very important in shaping the Saudi bureaucracy as oil money gave unique, although temporary, autonomy to princely elites to organize the state around their personal interests. Emerging institutions functioned as power tokens, leading to a fragmented administrative setup in which ministries serve as “fiefdoms” and bureaucratic capacities vary strongly from one institution to another. Through state growth and the “locking in” of distributional commitments, the autonomy of princely elites to redesign the state has strongly declined over time, meaning that many early institutional decisions have permanently impacted the shape and capacities of today's Saudi state. Vis-agrave;-vis rentier theory, I demonstrate that regime autonomy is not constant over time and that the quality of institutions is historically contingent and not determined by oil, which merely enlarges the menu of institutional choices available to rentier-state elites.

scholarly journals Conclusion

2022 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
Haig Z. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractDraw together the book’s key themes, the conclusion highlights how, by the end of the seventeenth century, England’s overseas companies had adapted various models of religious governance to stamp their authority over peoples and faiths across the globe, thereby securing their governmental autonomy. However, as a new century approached, domestic religious and political authorities in England took steps to centralise the role of religion, evangelism and the overseas governance. Consequently, this changed the character of English imperial expansion and the relationship between English corporate governance and religion forever.

scholarly journals Theory And Practice In CEO Pay: A Course Module And Integrative Case Based On Boeing Inc.

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-260
Author(s):  
John F. Boschen ◽  
Kimberly J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Ceo Compensation ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Executive Pay ◽  
Capstone Course ◽  
Ceo Pay ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Case Based

Business students may dream of receiving pay packages like that of Michael Eisner at Disney. However, many of them will work for the compensation consultant who determines the economics of the pay arrangements, for the valuation consultant who values the different components of the pay arrangements, for the accountant who must audit the financial statement impacts of the pay arrangements, or as a manager in the company whose employees respond to the incentives provided by the pay arrangements. No matter their eventual role, it is critical that every student understands these various aspects of executive pay arrangements, and how these practices have evolved over time. The course module presented herein is designed to effectively integrate these perspectives in as few as five or as many as nine 80-minute sessions that could be a substantive component of an MBA or Master of Accounting capstone course, or a component of a corporate governance elective. A case based on the CEO compensation of Boeing Inc. over the last 60 years provides a series of assignments that effectively integrate the module.

Sport History and Historiography

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Sikes
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Full Membership ◽  
European Organization ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Church ◽  
Over Time

Imperial expansion cast European sport, embedded with moral codes and social divisions, across Africa. The government, the church, schools, and the army encouraged colonized peoples to play sport because of its professed ability to discipline and to civilize. Yet sport in Africa developed in the context of existing local ideas about appropriate human movement. Over time, African sport reflected both indigenous and European organization, ideas, and aesthetics, with football (soccer) becoming a particular object of passion. The era of decolonization came with sporting independence. Sport provided a platform for newly independent African nations to consolidate national and pan-African identities and assert full membership and power in the international community, though it could prove divisive as much as integrative, depending on the situation. From continental cups to Western-style sport gatherings, continuities with imperial pasts informed postcolonial African sport. Yet sport also provided a bulwark of resistance against colonial hegemony and racist regimes on the continent. Well into the 20th century, boycotts of sport gatherings and events were threatened and carried out in protest against racist regimes in southern Africa.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Taco Terpstra
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Imperial Period

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the economic development of the ancient Mediterranean. From ca. 700 BCE onward, state formation began to have a positive influence on economic activities. A practical reason why that might have been the case readily comes to mind: states provided a transportation infrastructure, aiding traders in their mercantile endeavors. Indeed, rulers decided on the creation of Mediterranean harbors, including some of the largest and most famous ones. Apart from facilitating overseas shipping, the construction of harbors had a stimulating economic effect by integrating public and private monetary flows. Thus, the book studies the economic role of states, focusing on two central tenets. First, state formation and consolidation had an aggregate positive effect on the economy of the ancient Mediterranean, starting in the Late Iron Age and peaking sometime in the Roman imperial period. Second, one should not ascribe that effect to ancient states acting as third-party enforcers of private property rights.

What Is Catholic about the Clergy Sex Abuse Crisis?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sex Abuse ◽  
Religious Context ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Decision To Stay ◽  
Ways Of Being ◽  
The Church ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Clergy Sex Abuse

This chapter explores a question often asked about survivors of clerical sexual abuse: do they remain Catholic? Such a question, this chapter argues, fails to account for the complex reality. Survivors were abused as youngsters so they were usually unable to determine this for themselves. The insistence of adults that children and teenagers who were abused continue going to church was another way of denying the reality of the abuse. (“They drove me to my abuser,” one survivor said of his parents.) Many survivors remained faithful Catholics into adulthood. But most survivors describe a moment when being at Mass became physically and emotionally painful. For many the decision to stay or leave was not simple or final. Some survivors developed strategies for protecting themselves from further fear and harm as they continued attending Mass; others found ways of being both inside and outside the church; still others made different choices over time. The struggle of many survivors with the church in which they were religiously formed, encountered the sacred, and were abused—abuse that always had religious context and significance—offers a revealing perspective on Catholics and Catholicism in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.

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