Infancia, familia y educación análisis histórico y cambio social

The interest for the care and education of childhood have varied throughout the different historical time. Together with the transformations experienced within families, childhood has gradually and progressively attained meaning and relevance in the social environment. The new moral and spiritual function assumed by the family in the transition to modern times, and which went beyond its traditional function as transmitter of surname and heritage, implied the appearance of new emotions towards childhood at the same time their individuality intensified.At present, childhood acquires important centrality both in the private family space in which its protection, care, assistance and education prevail, rooted in new link of relationship (Burgess, 1972: 6-7), as well as in the public space, social, political, normative and economic. With these ideas, this research aims to historical analysis of the conception of childhood and its education, from ancient times to the present day, within the framework of the family and considering the repercussions that political, social, economic, demographic and cultural changes have had on childhood. La atención y el interés por el cuidado y la educación de la infancia han ido variando a lo largo de las diferentes etapas históricas. Ligada a las transformaciones experimentadas en el seno de las familias, de forma gradual y progresiva la infancia ha ido alcanzando significado y relevancia en el medio social. La nueva función moral y espiritual asumida por la familia en el tránsito hacia los tiempos modernos, y que rebasaba su tradicional función como transmisora de apellido y patrimonio, implicó la aparición de nuevas emociones hacia los menores al tiempo que se intensificaba su individualidad. En la actualidad la infancia adquiere notable centralidad tanto en el espacio privado familiar en el cual prima su protección, cuidado, asistencia y educación, enraizadas en nuevos vínculos de relacionabilidad (Burgess, 1972: 6-7), como también en el espacio público, social, político, normativo y económico. Partiendo de estas premisas, este artículo tiene por finalidad el estudio y análisis histórico de la concepción sobre la infancia y su educación, desde la antigüedad hasta nuestros días, dentro del marco de la familia y considerando las repercusiones que los cambios políticos, sociales, económicos, demográficos y culturales han tenido sobre la misma.

The $$\gamma$$ function in quantum theory II. Mathematical challenges and paradoxa

While the square root of Dirac’s $$\delta$$ δ is not defined in any standard mathematical formalism, postulating its existence with some further assumptions defines a generalized function called $$\gamma (x)$$ γ ( x ) which permits a quasi-classical treatment of simple systems like the H atom or the 1D harmonic oscillator for which accurate quantum mechanical energies were previously reported. The so-defined $$\gamma (x)$$ γ ( x ) is neither a traditional function nor a distribution, and it remains to be seen that any consistent mathematical approaches can be set up to deal with it rigorously. A straightforward use of $$\gamma (x)$$ γ ( x ) generates several paradoxical situations which are collected here. The help of the scientific community is sought to resolve these paradoxa.

OSIGURANjE ŽIVOTA

Life insurance is the field of insurance which covers all those types of insurance where the occurrence of the insured accident is connected to a certain event in the life of the insured person. There are two basic types of life insurance: life insurance in case of death of the insured person and annuity insurance in case the insured person lives longer, t.i beyond the insured life term. Life insurance is the insurance where the insurer for a certain insurance premium assumes the obligation to pay to the insured person or the other beneficiary designated by the insured person a certain sum of money in case of his death or annuity installments in case he lives longer then the agreed life term. Although originally, life insurance was forbidden and was considered to be an unethical legal activity, today life insurance is accepted in legislations and in practice worldwide and it has been proven as a very beneficial and justified institute. This type of service is offered by insurance companies with an investment aspect which allows life insurance to keep its traditional function (protection from various risks – death, disability, life longer than the agreed insurance term), but also to have a wider, macroeconomic function in the form of savings and investment. This service has not been widely accepted in the Republic of Serbia although it is regulated by both the Law on insurance and the Law of contract and torts. In the 1990s it almost ceased to exist, while nowadays it started to revive, but with far less cases than in EU countries and other countries of developed world.

A Review of Functions of Speculative Thinking

Speculative thinking refers to thinking about past or future possibilities; it includes counterfactual thinking, prefactual thinking, and other types. In this narrative review, we discuss the traditional function of speculative thinking in improving future performance (i.e., the preparatory function). We also explore several non-preparatory functions of speculative thinking that have not been widely covered, namely the functions of conveying information and of supporting lying. In addition, we address temporal asymmetry; one perspective focuses on psychological distance in speculative thinking about the past and future, while another focuses on temporal asymmetry and reality/hypothetical differences in the preparatory function of speculative thinking. Overall, this review suggests that a broader functional theory is needed to address non-preparatory functions and the traditional preparatory function. Such a theory should cover all speculative thinking about the past and future rather than simply counterfactual thinking.

Мифологический персонаж (з)мора / мара в традиции Южного Подлясья в польской и общеславянской перспективе

The author analyzes the field materials collected during her expedition to the Southern Podlasie (Łuków-Siedlce-Garwolin region in Poland) in 2017 and sheds light on the local version of the supernatural being under the name “zmora”. In this territory zmora is endowed with a function (not typical in other Polish local traditions) to tangle and braid the horses’ manes. Meanwhile the informants put aside zmora’s traditional function (that is to suffocate a sleeping person) or do not mention it at all. Zmora from Southern Podlasie is regarded in a wider Polish and all-Slavic perspective. Such parameters as the supernatural being’s name, its origin, appearance, behavior, time of the activity, its functions as well as the amulets and preventive measures used against this evil spirit are examined. The author concludes that in the studied Slavic archaic area zmora has partially taken over the functions of the house spirits, that is reflected in the entire fragment of the mythological characters’ system associated linked to the domestic and economic (cattle-breeding) sphere.

Impact of Bond Market Development on the Growth of the Nigerian Economy

Research background: The traditional function ascribed to a modern financial institution is to mobilize resources among the two units (surplus and deficit) of the economy. This can be achieved when financial institutions wake up to this responsibility and act as the pillar upon which other institutions can rely on. Purpose: This study examined the impact of bond market development on the growth of the Nigerian economy from 1986–2018. Research methodology: Data were analysed using the co-integration bounds test approach while the robustness of the estimates was also checked. Results: Government bond exhibited an insignificant positive relationship; corporate bond and value of bond traded were positive and statistically significant (prob. <0.05) while bond yield indicated a negative relationship with the growth of the Nigerian economy. Novelty: The study found that corporate bond and the value of bond traded were the major variables that increased the depth of bond market development in Nigeria. Therefore, policymakers in Nigeria should encourage the issuance of more corporate bonds to further enhance the efficiency of bond markets development.

Human Gut Microbiome and Liver Diseases: From Correlation to Causation

The important role of human gut microbiota in liver diseases has long been recognized as dysbiosis and the translocation of certain microbes from the gut to liver. With the development of high-throughput DNA sequencing, the complexity and integrity of the gut microbiome in the whole spectrum of liver diseases is emerging. Specific patterns of gut microbiota have been identified in liver diseases with different causes, including alcoholic, non-alcoholic, and virus induced liver diseases, or even at different stages, ranging from steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, to hepatocellular carcinoma. At the same time, the mechanism of how microbiota contributes to liver diseases goes beyond the traditional function of the gut–liver axis which could lead to liver injury and inflammation. With the application of proteomics, metabolomics, and modern molecular technologies, more microbial metabolites and the complicated interaction of microbiota with host immunity come into our understanding in the liver pathogenesis. Germ-free animal models serve as a workhorse to test the function of microbiota and their derivatives in liver disease models. Here, we review the current evidence on the relationship between gut microbiota and liver diseases, and the mechanisms underlying this phenotype. In addition to original liver diseases, gut microbiota might also affect liver injury in systemic disorders involving multiple organs, as in the case of COVID-19 at a severe state. A better understanding of the gut microbial contribution to liver diseases might help us better benefit from this guest–host relationship and pave the way for novel therapies.

Managing charity 4.0 with Blockchain: a case study at the time of Covid-19

The Covid-19 emergency is demonstrating the need to follow new solutions that can support the important role played by non-profit organizations around the world. Contrary to what should have happened to further combat the effect of pandemic, the majority of philanthropic organisations had a negative impact on fundraising, suffering a substantial decrease. Today, the Blockchain can play a pivotal role to re-establish pre-pandemic standards and enhance the development of global philanthropy. However, it is still too little considered due to the criticalities encountered during the launch and development of the initiatives as well as for a general incomprehension of its technology. Therefore, this work aims to demonstrate the Blockchain impact on the development of charity 4.0, especially in an extremely dramatic historical moment marked by the Covid-19 pandemic. The objective is achieved through the case study of Charity Wall, an emerging Italian social marketplace appreciated by important business associations for its innovative solutions in the charity 4.0 sector and for the important support provided to NPOs during their traditional function as well as against Covid-19 in Italy. Through a benchmark analysis, this work succeeds in highlighting the innovative solutions proposed by Charity Wall compared to the charity 4.0 systems on the market. More specifically, through the Charity Wall case study it is possible to demonstrate which aspects of Blockchain technology can be used to strengthen the philanthropic system by avoiding cases of fraud to the detriment of beneficiaries, receivers and donors as well as to create a closer network between the various philanthropic players to support charitable initiatives against the Covid-19.

Role of Small GTPase RhoA in DNA Damage Response

Accumulating evidence has suggested a role of the small GTPase Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) in DNA damage response (DDR) in addition to its traditional function of regulating cell morphology. In DDR, 2 key components of DNA repair, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1), along with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to regulate RhoA activation. In addition, Rho-specific guanine exchange factors (GEFs), neuroepithelial transforming gene 1 (Net1) and epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (Ect2), have specific functions in DDR, and they also participate in Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)/RhoA interaction, a process which is largely unappreciated yet possibly of significance in DDR. Downstream of RhoA, current evidence has highlighted its role in mediating cell cycle arrest, which is an important step in DNA repair. Unraveling the mechanism by which RhoA modulates DDR may provide more insight into DDR itself and may aid in the future development of cancer therapies.

Changes in the Function of Allotment Gardens in an Attractive Location Based on the Example of Tri-City in Poland

Allotment gardens are quite common in many European countries. In particular, they are an important part of the urban space in Central and Eastern Europe. They served to improve the inhabitants’ physical and mental well-being during the communist period and relieved the family budget thanks to their own crops. The article analyzes the functioning of allotment gardens in Poland based on the example of the Tri-City, with particular emphasis on allotment gardens in a prestigious, attractive location. Several research questions were asked regarding the change of the traditional function related to growing fruit and vegetables towards the modern function related to recreation and relaxation. A thesis was put forward that the attractive, seaside location of one of the allotment gardens on the border of Gdańsk and Sopot favors the dynamics of the changes in the function. New garden houses often resemble residential apartments in terms of comfort and function and are used for commercial rent during the summer, even though this is prohibited. In the study, the methods of a field query as well as a questionnaire survey and an in-depth interview were applied to check the state of the allotment holders’ knowledge on the applicable regulations regarding the functions of allotment gardens and their development, the size of garden houses and the rules of staying in the gardens, in particular living there. The questionnaire research and in-depth interviews were conducted at the beginning of 2020. The questionnaire research was conducted in February and March, and the in-depth interviews in May. The most pressing issues concerned the changing functions of allotment gardens and the perception of these changes by allotment owners who have gardens in a traditional form of cultivation. This study also allowed looking at possible neighborhood conflicts that may arise from a change in the function, in particular from the construction of houses with residential facilities, which encourages permanent residence in them, and sometimes subletting to tourists due to their attractive coastal location. The study helped to deepen the knowledge on the functioning of allotment gardens and transforming their functions into residential ones during the summer season. The obtained results show that nearly 60% of the surveyed respondents believe that seasonal occupation of allotment gardens should be allowed if their owners wish to do so. Most of the respondents encountered the problem of abnormal buildings and believe that the regulations in this respect should be followed. At the same time, they do not think that it is causing any problems for them. Conducting in-depth interviews, the information was obtained that the change of functions does not affect the existing, traditional users, and they mostly accept the changes taking place.