Thermodynamics and Transport Properties

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-181
Author(s):  
Thorvald Abel Engh ◽  
Geoffrey K. Sigworth ◽  
Anne Kvithyld
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Thermochemical Data ◽  
Molten Metals ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Interaction Coefficients ◽  
Chemical Equilibria

The fundamentals of thermodynamics are reviewed, focusing on the chemistry of high-temperature metals, oxides (slags), and salts. Thermochemical data are provided for important molten metals: the free energies of solution of alloy elements, and interaction coefficients. Standard free energies of reactions are also provided, so the reader may calculate important chemical equilibria. Example calculations are provided for the deoxidation of steel. The removal of sulfur and phosphorus are also described. The second half of the chapter considers fundamental aspects of important physical properties: viscosity, surface tension, diffusion, and thermal and electrical conductivity.

The physical properties of anomalous water

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Column Length ◽  
Anomalous Water

The properties of anomalous aqueous condensates, prepared in the manner described by Deryagin,1 vary with aqueous vapour pressure. The changes of column length and of melting point are similar to those of ordinary aqueous solutions. There is no sound evidence that the condensate exhibits abnormal viscosity, density, electrical conductivity, or surface tension.

ALUMINUM EC

Alloy Digest ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Aluminum Company

Abstract ALUMINUM EC is of higher purity than commercial ALUMINUM 1100 and is the electrical conductivity grade. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as creep and fatigue. It also includes information on low and high temperature performance, and corrosion resistance as well as heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Al-104. Producer or source: Aluminum Company of America.

BERYLCO 14/BERYLCO TMP 17510

Alloy Digest ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Good Strength ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract Berylco 14 is a beryllium copper alloy with 0.4% Be. The alloy is an automotive industry favorite similar to Berylco 10 (see Alloy Digest Cu-6, April 1953) but with nickel substituting for cobalt. The alloy has high thermal and electrical conductivity, good strength, and superior high-temperature performance. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on heat treating. Filing Code: CU-642. Producer or source: NGK Metals Corporation.

scholarly journals Effects of different deoxidization methods on high-temperature physical properties of high-strength low-alloy steels

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
Ke-lin Zhang ◽  
Kai-ming Wu ◽  
Oleg Isayev ◽  
Oleksandr Hress ◽  
Serhii Yershov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Metallic Melts

AbstractThis study was aimed at examining the effects of different deoxidization methods on the physical properties of metallic melts by measuring the changes in the kinematic viscosity, electrical resistivity, surface tension, and density of the metallurgical melts during the heating and cooling processes. Our results indicate that high-temperature physical properties are consistently affected by specific elements and compounds.

Electrical Instability in CuO1-x: Possible Correlations with the CuO-based High Temperature Superconductors

1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 790-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Azzoni ◽  
G. B. Parravicini ◽  
G. Samoggia ◽  
F. Parmigiani
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
High Temperature Superconductivity ◽  
High Temperature Superconductors ◽  
Nitrogen Flow ◽  
Usual Procedure ◽  
Electrical Instability

Physical properties of stoichiometric and non stoichiometric CuO are reported. The electrical conductivity has been measured on CuO pellets, sintered with the usual procedure for the preparation of Y Ba-Cu O superconductors and then deoxygenated under a nitrogen flow. It is shown that oxygen deficient CuO pellets present abrupt and large resistivity drops as the temperature decreases below 230-200 K. Possible correlations between the electrical instability of oxygen deficient CuO and the high temperature superconductivity problem are discussed

NIPPERT ALLOY N-4

Alloy Digest ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract NIPPERT ALLOY N-4 is a copper alloy having high electrical conductivity and superior strength and elevated temperatures. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-67. Producer or source: Nippert Electric Products Company.

COPPER ALLOY No. 122

Alloy Digest ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Hydrogen Embrittlement ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Residual Phosphorus ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract COPPER No. 122 is a deoxidized copper with high residual phosphorus. It is not susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement but has rather low electrical conductivity. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Cu-253. Producer or source: Copper and copper alloy mills.

AMCROM

Alloy Digest ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Electrical Contacts ◽  
Resistance Welding ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Welding Electrode

Abstract AMCROM is an oxygen-free copper containing chromium. It can be precipitation hardened to enhance its strength and to increase its electrical conductivity. AMCROM is produced by adding chromium to oxygen-free copper. AMCROM copper contains fewer inclusions than conventional chromium copper and as a result, has greater ductility and uniformity. Typical applications of AMCROM include resistance welding electrode tips and wheels, electrical contacts and connectors and high-temperature wire. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as creep. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-466. Producer or source: Amax Copper Inc..

scholarly journals Predicting Viscosity and Surface Tension at High Temperature of Porcelain Stoneware Bodies: A Methodological Approach

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Conte ◽  
Chiara Zanelli ◽  
Matteo Ardit ◽  
Giuseppe Cruciani ◽  
Michele Dondi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Viscous Flow ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Semi Empirical

The shear viscosity and the glass-vapor surface tension at high temperature are crucial to understand the viscous flow sintering kinetics of porcelain stoneware. Moreover, the pyroplastic deformation depends on the viscosity of the whole body, which is made up of a suspension of crystals dispersed in the melt. The existing fundamental theoretical background, along with semi-empirical constitutive laws for viscous flow sintering and glass densification, can be exploited through different approaches to estimate the physical properties at high temperatures starting from amount and chemical composition of the melt. In this work, a comprehensive attempt to predict the properties of the liquid phase is proposed by means of a detailed overview of existing models for viscosity and surface tension of glasses and melts at high temperature. The chemical composition of the vitreous phase and its physical properties at high temperature are estimated through an experimental approach based on the qualitative and quantitative chemical and phase analyses (by Rietveld refinement of X-ray powder diffraction patterns) of different porcelain-like materials. Repercussions on the firing behavior of ceramic bodies, are discussed. Comparative examples are provided for porcelain stoneware tiles, vitreous china and porcelain bodies, disclosing differences in composition and properties but a common sintering mechanism.

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