Disease ecology in marine conservation and management

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-182
Author(s):  
Laurie J. Raymundo ◽  
Colleen A. Burge ◽  
Joleah B. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
International Transport ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Degraded Water Quality ◽  
Conservation And Management

While disease is a part of all natural systems, emerging marine diseases are on the rise and many are exacerbated by anthropogenic stressors. Marine and terrestrial environments are fundamentally different, requiring a suite of new approaches to understanding and managing the host–pathogen–environment relationship. Promising strategies include establishing marine protected areas, developing forecasting tools, and using natural ecosystem filters to control pathogens. Aquaculture is one measurable avenue by which natural systems come into direct contact with managed systems, often with negative consequences. This chapter presents examples where pathogens, invasive species, and degraded water quality are associated with impacts on adjacent natural systems. While effective regulatory procedures exist, international transport presents a challenge to implementation and needs special attention. Ecological restoration, a growing management science, would benefit from consideration of disease processes, such as genotyping to determine differences in natural resistance that could be used to guide selective breeding efforts.

Towards Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-158
Author(s):  
Umer Khayyam ◽  
Rida Bano ◽  
Shahzad Alvi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Level Of Motivation ◽  
The University

Abstract Global climate change is one of the main threats facing humanity and the impacts on natural systems as well as humans are expected to be severe. People can take action against these threats through two approaches: mitigation and adaptation. However, mitigations and adaptations are contingent on the level of motivation and awareness, as well as socio-economic and environmental conditions. This study examined personal perception and motivation to mitigate and adapt to climate change among the university students in the capital city of Pakistan. We divided the respondents into social sciences, applied sciences and natural sciences, using logistic regression analysis. The results indicated that students who perceive severity, benefits from preparation, and have more information about climate change were 1.57, 4.98 and 1.63 times more likely to take mitigation and 1.47, 1.14 and 1.17 times more likely to take adaptation measures, respectively. Students who perceived self-efficacy, obstacles to protect from the negative consequences of climate change and who belonged to affluent families were more likely to take mitigation measures and less likely to take adaptation strategies. However, mitigation and adaptation were unaffected by age, gender and study discipline.

Generating spatial data for marine conservation and management

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Aylesworth ◽  
Ratanawaree Phoonsawat ◽  
Pholphisin Suvanachai ◽  
Amanda C. J. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Conservation And Management

scholarly journals Invasive biota in the deep-sea Mediterranean: an emerging issue in marine conservation and management

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Galil ◽  
R. Danovaro ◽  
S. B. S. Rothman ◽  
R. Gevili ◽  
M. Goren
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Conservation And Management

Understanding the physical and biological controls on microplastic transport in lakes.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Elagami ◽  
Sven Frei ◽  
Jan-Pascal Boos ◽  
Benjamin Gilfedder
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Settling Velocity ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Terrestrial Environments

<p>Microplastics (MPs) have been found ubiquitously in oceanic and terrestrial environments.  As the production and consumption of plastic polymers increases the amount of plastic evading accepted disposal pathways and entering natural systems is also expected to increase. To date the focus of plastic and MP research in particular has been on the ocean, there has recently been a rapid increase in interest in MP levels and distribution in terrestrial systems. However, the focus of existing studies has mostly been on the quantification and distribution of MP contamination in the sediment or on the water column of rivers and lakes. The aim of this project is to investigate the fundamental physical and biological influences on the transport of microplastics (MPs) in lake systems. In particular, we will focus on an understanding of the migration and distribution of MPs, and a systematic investigation on transport and sedimentation of MP in the lake water column. Lab and field experiments are planned to investigate the behavior of different MPs polymers, shapes and sizes under different conditions and determine how this influence the MP transport.</p><p>The settling velocity of MPs in stationary water was measured in the laboratory using particle image velocimetry (PIV) which was then compared to manual timing of the sinking velocity. The trajectories of the settling MPs have also been tracked during weak turbulences. In addition, the results were compared with theoretical calculations.</p><p>To investigate microbial colonization and biofilm formation on the surface of MPs, samples were exposed on a natural lake environment for varying time periods. The colonization of MP surfaces by microorganisms and their excretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were examined by laser microscopic techniques and subsequently the effect of the microbiological colonization of settling velocity was determined. In this work we show that the transport of MP is complex, as it is influenced by plastic type, shape, and biological colonization as well as the hydrodynamic conditions in the lake water column.</p>

scholarly journals Pathways to Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Marine Science and Conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaili Johri ◽  
Maria Carnevale ◽  
Lindsay Porter ◽  
Anna Zivian ◽  
Melina Kourantidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Conservation Science ◽  
Limited Participation ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Diversity And Inclusion ◽  
Conservation And Management

Marine conservation sciences have traditionally been, and remain, non-diverse work environments with many barriers to justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion (JEDI). These barriers disproportionately affect entry of early career scientists and practitioners and limit the success of marine conservation professionals from under-represented, marginalized, and overburdened groups. These groups specifically include women, LGBTQ+, Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC). However, the issues also arise from the global North/South and East/West divide with under-representation of scientists from the South and East in the global marine conservation and science arena. Persisting inequities in conservation, along with a lack of inclusiveness and diversity, also limit opportunities for innovation, cross-cultural knowledge exchange, and effective implementation of conservation and management policies. As part of its mandate to increase diversity and promote inclusion of underrepresented groups, the Diversity and Inclusion committee of the Society for Conservation Biology-Marine Section (SCB Marine) organized a JEDI focus group at the Sixth International Marine Conservation Congress (IMCC6) which was held virtually. The focus group included a portion of the global cohort of IMCC6 attendees who identified issues affecting JEDI in marine conservation and explored pathways to address those issues. Therefore, the barriers and pathways identified here focus on issues pertinent to participants’ global regions and experiences. Several barriers to just, equitable, diverse, and inclusive conservation science and practice were identified. Examples included limited participation of under-represented minorities (URM) in research networks, editorial biases against URM, limited professional development and engagement opportunities for URM and non-English speakers, barriers to inclusion of women, LGBTQ+, and sensory impaired individuals, and financial barriers to inclusion of URM in all aspects of marine conservation and research. In the current policy brief, we explore these barriers, assess how they limit progress in marine conservation research and practice, and seek to identify initiatives for improvements. We expect the initiatives discussed here to advances practices rooted in principles of JEDI, within SCB Marine and, the broader conservation community. The recommendations and perspectives herein broadly apply to conservation science and practice, and are critical to effective and sustainable conservation and management outcomes.

scholarly journals Valuing biodiversity and ecosystem services: a useful way to manage and conserve marine resources?

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1844) ◽  
pp. 20161635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel D. Cavanagh ◽  
Stefanie Broszeit ◽  
Graham M. Pilling ◽  
Susie M. Grant ◽  
Eugene J. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Ecosystem Structure And Functioning ◽  
Conservation And Management ◽  
The Tropical Pacific

Valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) is widely recognized as a useful, though often controversial, approach to conservation and management. However, its use in the marine environment, hence evidence of its efficacy, lags behind that in terrestrial ecosystems. This largely reflects key challenges to marine conservation and management such as the practical difficulties in studying the ocean, complex governance issues and the historically-rooted separation of biodiversity conservation and resource management. Given these challenges together with the accelerating loss of marine biodiversity (and threats to the ES that this biodiversity supports), we ask whether valuation efforts for marine ecosystems are appropriate and effective. We compare three contrasting systems: the tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean and UK coastal seas. In doing so, we reveal a diversity in valuation approaches with different rates of progress and success. We also find a tendency to focus on specific ES (often the harvested species) rather than biodiversity. In light of our findings, we present a new conceptual view of valuation that should ideally be considered in decision-making. Accounting for the critical relationships between biodiversity and ES, together with an understanding of ecosystem structure and functioning, will enable the wider implications of marine conservation and management decisions to be evaluated. We recommend embedding valuation within existing management structures, rather than treating it as an alternative or additional mechanism. However, we caution that its uptake and efficacy will be compromised without the ability to develop and share best practice across regions.

scholarly journals Genesis and development of the spatial structures in former border railway centres Mysłowice – Szczakowa – Granica (Maczki), Poland

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Krzysztofik ◽  
Weronika Dragan ◽  
Dariusz Gierczak
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
Border Crossings ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Spatial Changes ◽  
International Transport ◽  
Political Borders

AbstractThe article addresses the question of the emergence of urban centres with a gateway function in the area of contemporary Poland. The work concentrates on three urban centres – Mysłowice, Szczakowa and Granica (Maczki) – which gateway function was conditioned by the existence of railway border crossings in the past that provided services for international transport. The interpretation of settlements and their transformations followed the town plan analysis includes method of Conzen. The article indicates spatial consequences of this kind of function which influenced a significant part of the urban area in the indicated towns. The study highlights the dynamics of spatial changes contemporarily conditioned by the loss of the former gateway function and a fact that role of the border has been marginalized. From the other point of view the decreasing role of the political borders which have become in Europe in most cases barely a symbolic meaning. In the presented case studies the key aspect determining the marginalization of their role in the rail transport system and also their urban development was the change of the political borders and their negative consequences (demolition post-rail areas, formation of functionally derelict areas or depopulation). Former glory and role of these three towns are the still existing railway stations. Fortunately, presented railway stations – their potential and heritage give new possibilities for ideas of functional changes and future development.

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