scholarly journals Human Capital and Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China

2019 ◽  
pp. 475-513
Author(s):  
Chunbing Xing
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Capital Development

This chapter explores the relationship between human capital development and urbanization in the People’s Republic of China, highlighting the Hukou system and decentralized fiscal system. Educated workers disproportionately reside in urban areas and in large cities, and the returns to education are higher in urban areas relative to those in rural areas, and in large, educated cities relative to small, less educated cities. In addition, the external returns to education in urban areas are at least comparable to the magnitude of private returns. Rural areas are the major reservoir for urban population growth, and the more educated have a higher chance of moving to cities and obtaining urban Hukou. As for health, rural–urban migration is selective in that healthy rural residents choose to migrate. However, occupational choices and living conditions are detrimental to migrants’ health. While migration has a positive effect on migrant children, its effect on ‘left-behind’ children is unclear.

scholarly journals Health Care Expenditure over Life Cycle in the People's Republic of China

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Feng ◽  
Pingyi Lou ◽  
Yangyang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Rural Elderly ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Significant Difference

We use individual level data from eight waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey during 1991–2011 to investigate age profiles of health expenditure for rural and urban residents in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Employing a two-part model, we find that health expenditure of rural residents is averagely 33% lower than that of urban residents and age–expenditure profile is much steeper in urban areas than in rural areas. However, there is no evidence that the health status of the rural elderly is better than that of the urban elderly. The findings imply that health spending of the rural elderly may increase more during the process of rural–urban integration. In addition, we find a significant difference in age–expenditure profiles across time. Compared with expenditure during 1991–2000, the estimated age-expenditure profile becomes steeper during 2004–2011 in both urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Migration in the People’s Republic of China

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-174
Author(s):  
Ming Lu ◽  
Yiran Xia
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Current System ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Joint Decision ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Urban Amenities

This chapter summarizes the characteristics of migration in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) after its reforms and opening up. Rapid urbanization in the PRC has resulted from recent decades of intense rural–urban migration. The scale of migration increased rapidly and long-term migration is the main characteristic. The population characteristics of migration are determined not only by a personal decision, but also a joint decision within households to send members with comparative advantages in manufacturing and services, usually male and young, to work in cities. Coastal regions where manufacturing and services are better developed, especially big cities, are the major destinations. The aspiration for higher incomes and better job opportunities is the major force that drives migration, while public services and urban amenities also partly account for population flows. However, in the PRC there are still major institutional barriers—especially the Hukou system and related segmentation in the urban labour market, social security, and public services access—that hinder rural–urban and interregional migration. Facing the challenges of fast urbanization and growing urban diseases, local governments still rely on the current system to control the population flow into large cities. Controlling population growth using discriminative policies will lead to more social problems. Policymakers should reconsider the way to achieve efficient and harmonious urbanization by shifting to more pro-market policies and reducing the migration costs embedded in institutional constraints

scholarly journals The Triple Logic and Choice Strategy of Rural Revitalization in the 70 Years since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China, Based on the Perspective of Historical Evolution

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Dongsheng Zhang ◽  
Wei Gao ◽  
Yiqing Lv
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Path Selection ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Planning System ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Rural Revitalization

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has continuously improved and developed the rural system, deepened rural reform, and promoted the process of agricultural and rural modernization. This paper constructs an analytical framework of rural revitalization and explores the logical law behind it from the three aspects of theoretical evolution, historical evolution, and realistic development. Then, on the basis of summarizing the existing rural revitalization path model, in view of the lack of industrial, ecological, cultural, and other rural revitalization path development models, the paper explores the general principles of rural revitalization path selection and puts forward a realistic choice: First, the key breakthrough of rural revitalization will be achieved through the construction of a rural revitalization planning system, land system reform, and green development. Second, the connotation and extension of concepts, such as “small farmers”, “industry prosperity”, and “rural areas”, are objectively analyzed and evaluated, so as to promote rural revitalization and avoid the risks and challenges that it may face in practice.

Globalisation and regional income growth disparity in India and the People’s Republic of China (PRC)

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagannath Mallick ◽  
Atsushi Fukumi
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Growth Accounting ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Regional Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Republic Of China

Purpose This study aims to explain the role of globalisation on the regional income growth disparities in the states of India and provinces in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Design/methodology/approach The authors use two approaches to analyse regional growth disparities: growth accounting and the panel spatial Durbin model. Findings The growth accounting shows that contributions of growth of capital intensity (GKI) and total factor productivity growth (TFPG) distinguish the high-income (HI) regions from medium-income (MI) and lower-income (LI) regions in India. In the PRC, the contributions of GKI and TFPG in MI regions are slightly higher than HI regions, but significantly higher than the LI regions. The empirical results find that foreign direct investment (FDI), domestic investment, human capital, and interaction of FDI and human capital explain income growth states/provinces in India and the PRC. A region’s income growth and FDI inflows spread the benefit to neighbourhoods in both countries. Originality/value The paper contributes by performing a comparative analysis of Indian states and the PRC’s provinces by capturing the neighbourhood effects of economic growth, FDI, investment and human capital and also the interaction effects of FDI with human capital and domestic investment. A comparison of the decomposition of income growth to the growth of factor inputs and efficiency in Indian states and the PRC’s provinces also adds to the existing literature.

scholarly journals Regional gap in human capital: determinants of education and urbanization

2021 ◽  
Vol 301 ◽  
pp. 03004
Author(s):  
Aida Guliyeva ◽  
Liliya Averina ◽  
Oleg Grebennikov ◽  
Alexander Shpakov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Regional Gap ◽  
Good Proxy ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
Capital Development

This paper studies the regional gap in human capital. Specifically, it focuses on the important determinants of this capital represented by such key factors as education and urbanization. We stress the importance of human capital for the economic growth and show how it can be important for the effective development of both urban and rural areas. This study examines the regional distribution and dynamics of human capital. Human capital is credited with a crucial role in the creation of economic growth. Additionally, we investigate how the exposure to the urban or rural environment affects the educational success of people worldwide. In addition, our paper studies the effects of migration on urbanization and education. Our results show that institutional factors can be a good proxy for explaining the relationship between human capital development and urbanization. Furthermore, it can be concluded that return to education is higher in urban areas compared to rural areas, and higher in highly educated cities compared to smaller towns. All of these creates some important implications for urbanization and education that can be used by the policy-makers and urban and rural planners for narrowing the regional gap in human capital and increasing the overall well-being and economic growth.

China’s urban-rural relationship: evolution and prospects

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenghe Zhang ◽  
Yawen Lu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Future ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose In the 69 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, especially the 40 years since the reform and opening-up, the relationship between urban and rural areas has undergone profound change. When the deepening reform of the urban-rural relationship is entering a critical period, it is necessary to reassess the evolution of the urban-rural relationship in China and draw a picture for that relationship in the future. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper combs the policies on the urban and rural development since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and analyzes macro data on the industries, population, personal income, and other aspects. Findings The study found that this urbanism affects individuals’ lives and the choices of society through the will of the state, and then provides feedback at the whole level of social values. Originality/value This paper divides the evolution of China’s urban-rural relationship into two major stages – nurturing cities with rural areas and leading rural areas with cities, which are then subdivided into five periods. The features of the relationship between the urban and rural areas in different periods are analyzed, and the future development of urban-rural relations is also considered.

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