Pointing the Way to Additional Topics

2021 ◽  
pp. 171-200
Author(s):  
Áki J. Láruson ◽  
Floyd A. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Fixation Probability ◽  
Coalescent Theory ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Selfish Genetic Elements ◽  
Genetics Research ◽  
Deleterious Alleles ◽  
Tests Of Neutrality ◽  
R Packages ◽  
Continued Learning

This concluding chapter highlights many of the concepts that are important to understanding modern-day population genetics research and explains that while they may not have been covered in this book, they are built on the foundations laid out in the preceding chapters. A series of small sections are provided which briefly introduce important concepts for continued learning. These focus especially on the coalescent theory but also touch on tests of neutrality, linkage disequilibrium, deleterious alleles, fixation probability, selfish genetic elements, future directions, and R packages.

scholarly journals Interplay of population genetics and dynamics in the genetic control of mosquitoes

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (93) ◽  
pp. 20131071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Alphey ◽  
Michael B. Bonsall
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Homing Endonuclease ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Larval Competition ◽  
Selfish Genetic Elements ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Ecological Aspects

Some proposed genetics-based vector control methods aim to suppress or eliminate a mosquito population in a similar manner to the sterile insect technique. One approach under development in Anopheles mosquitoes uses homing endonuclease genes (HEGs)—selfish genetic elements (inherited at greater than Mendelian rate) that can spread rapidly through a population even if they reduce fitness. HEGs have potential to drive introduced traits through a population without large-scale sustained releases. The population genetics of HEG-based systems has been established using discrete-time mathematical models. However, several ecologically important aspects remain unexplored. We formulate a new continuous-time (overlapping generations) combined population dynamic and genetic model and apply it to a HEG that targets and knocks out a gene that is important for survival. We explore the effects of density dependence ranging from undercompensating to overcompensating larval competition, occurring before or after HEG fitness effects, and consider differences in competitive effect between genotypes (wild-type, heterozygotes and HEG homozygotes). We show that population outcomes—elimination, suppression or loss of the HEG—depend crucially on the interaction between these ecological aspects and genetics, and explain how the HEG fitness properties, the homing rate (drive) and the insect's life-history parameters influence those outcomes.

Behavior and Molecular Genetics of the Five Factor Model

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber M. Jarnecke ◽  
Susan C. South
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Behavior Genetics ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Genetics Research ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Techniques ◽  
Related Personality

Behavior and molecular genetics informs knowledge of the etiology, structure, and development of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. Behavior genetics uses quantitative modeling to parse the relative influence of nature and nurture on phenotypes that vary within the population. Behavior genetics research on the FFM has demonstrated that each domain has a heritability (proportion of variation due to genetic influences) of 40–50%. Molecular genetic methods attempt to identify specific genetic mechanisms associated with personality variation. To date, findings from molecular genetics are tentative, with significant results failing to replicate and accounting for only a small percentage of the variance. However, newer techniques hold promise for finding the “missing heritability” of FFM and related personality domains. This chapter presents an overview of commonly used behavior and molecular genetic techniques, reviews the work that has been done on the FFM domains and facets, and offers a perspective for future directions.

scholarly journals Genetics of Atrial Fibrillation in 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Roselli ◽  
Michiel Rienstra ◽  
Patrick T. Ellinor
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Genetics Research ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Rhythm Disorder

Atrial fibrillation is a common heart rhythm disorder that leads to an increased risk for stroke and heart failure. Atrial fibrillation is a complex disease with both environmental and genetic risk factors that contribute to the arrhythmia. Over the last decade, rapid progress has been made in identifying the genetic basis for this common condition. In this review, we provide an overview of the primary types of genetic analyses performed for atrial fibrillation, including linkage studies, genome-wide association studies, and studies of rare coding variation. With these results in mind, we aim to highlighting the existing knowledge gaps and future directions for atrial fibrillation genetics research.

scholarly journals The fixation probability of beneficial mutations

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (28) ◽  
pp. 1279-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Patwa ◽  
L.M Wahl
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Fixation Probability ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Theoretical Results ◽  
Theory And Experiment

The fixation probability, the probability that the frequency of a particular allele in a population will ultimately reach unity, is one of the cornerstones of population genetics. In this review, we give a brief historical overview of mathematical approaches used to estimate the fixation probability of beneficial alleles. We then focus on more recent work that has relaxed some of the key assumptions in these early papers, providing estimates that have wider applicability to both natural and laboratory settings. In the final section, we address the possibility of future work that might bridge the gap between theoretical results to date and results that might realistically be applied to the experimental evolution of microbial populations. Our aim is to highlight the concrete, testable predictions that have arisen from the theoretical literature, with the intention of further motivating the invaluable interplay between theory and experiment.

Genetically stable, individual-specific differences in hypervariable DNA in Norway spruce, detected by hybridization to a phage M13 probe

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Kvarnheden ◽  
Peter Engström
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Repeat Sequence ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genetics Research ◽  
Bacteriophage M13 ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Hypervariable Loci ◽  
M13 Probe

DNA fingerprinting techniques have significantly improved the resolution of the analysis of genetic polymorphisms in major eukaryotic taxa. The techniques are based on the use of specific DNA probes, which hybridize to families of related minisatellite loci that are dispersed in the genomes of a range of eukaryotes. These sequences are highly variable as a result of a variation in the numbers of a core repeat sequence at each locus. We wanted to establish whether one such probe, the DNA of the bacteriophage M13, could be used to detect hypervariable loci in the conifer Norway spruce, Piceaabies (L.) Karst., and to examine if the method could detect genetic differences at the level of populations and (or) individual trees. The results show that hypervariable minisatellite sequences that hybridize to the M13 probe are present in Norway spruce. The minisatellite sequences are stably inherited, and the variability within the species is sufficiently high to allow the distinction of different individuals. The differences between populations are of the same order of magnitude as those between trees within populations. The method is potentially useful in population genetics research on conifers, as well as in breeding programs.

scholarly journals TRANSLATING ECOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND POPULATION GENETICS RESEARCH TO MEET THE CHALLENGE OF TICK AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN NORTH AMERICA

2016 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria D. Esteve-Gassent ◽  
Ivan Castro-Arellano ◽  
Teresa P. Feria-Arroyo ◽  
Ramiro Patino ◽  
Andrew Y. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
North America ◽  
Genetics Research

Multidisciplinary approaches for studying rhizobium–legume symbioses

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C. diCenzo ◽  
Maryam Zamani ◽  
Alice Checcucci ◽  
Marco Fondi ◽  
Joel S. Griffitts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Fixed Nitrogen ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Legume Symbiosis ◽  
Agricultural Yield

The rhizobium–legume symbiosis is a major source of fixed nitrogen (ammonia) in the biosphere. The potential for this process to increase agricultural yield while reducing the reliance on nitrogen-based fertilizers has generated interest in understanding and manipulating this process. For decades, rhizobium research has benefited from the use of leading techniques from a very broad set of fields, including population genetics, molecular genetics, genomics, and systems biology. In this review, we summarize many of the research strategies that have been employed in the study of rhizobia and the unique knowledge gained from these diverse tools, with a focus on genome- and systems-level approaches. We then describe ongoing synthetic biology approaches aimed at improving existing symbioses or engineering completely new symbiotic interactions. The review concludes with our perspective of the future directions and challenges of the field, with an emphasis on how the application of a multidisciplinary approach and the development of new methods will be necessary to ensure successful biotechnological manipulation of the symbiosis.

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