Removing God from Biology
The Scientific Revolution changed the root metaphor of science from that of an organism to that of a machine. Mechanism. This meant the expulsion from science of final-cause thinking. For two hundred years, biology resisted this demand. Adaptations like the hand and the eye must be understood in terms of ends. This led Immanuel Kant to state that ‘there will never be a Newton of the blade of grass’. Biology will forever be different, meaning—since the best explanation seems to be divine intervention—God-infused. Charles Darwin challenged this with his mechanism of natural selection, showing that the hand and the eye can be understood in causes of the same nature as those found in the physical sciences. This does not as such refute the existence of God. Moreover, close inspection shows that today’s evolutionary thinking still owes much to its Christian origins.