The Testator’s Villainy

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-96
Author(s):  
Jonathan Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Poetic Discourse ◽  
English Poet ◽  
John Skelton ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Francois Villon ◽  
American Poets

The poetry and persona of François Villon have been subject to transcultural reinvention since the fifteenth century (and especially since the nineteenth century, among Anglo-American poets). The legend of Villon goes back to an impecunious poet–criminal who disappeared in 1463, and who both encourages and resists a historicizing interpretation of villainy through his works. This chapter reassesses the singularity of the testator persona in Le Testament Villon (c.1461–2) in his complex vilifying manoeuvres. Some of these have distinct parallels in the early sixteenth-century works of the English poet John Skelton. Yet Villon idiosyncratically instantiates poetic discourse as a para-legal means of attesting to the rigours of torture, where the villain-poet is a direct (if unreliable) witness of his own subjection to judicial punishment.

The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche

1972 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. D. Newitt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Early History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Set Up

The sultanate of Angoche on the Moçambique coast was founded probably towards the end of the fifteenth century by refugees from Kilwa. It became a base for Muslim traders who wanted to use the Zambezi route to the central African trading fairs and it enabled them to by-pass the Portuguese trade monopoly at Sofala. The Portuguese were not able to check this trade until they themselves set up bases on the Zambezi in the 1530s and 1540s, and from that time the sultanate began to decline. Internal dissensions among the ruling families led to the Portuguese obtaining control of the sultanate in the late sixteenth century, but this control was abandoned in the following century when the trade of the Angoche coast dwindled to insignificance. During the eighteenth century movements among the Macua peoples of the mainland and the development of the slave trade in the Indian Ocean laid the foundations for the revival of the sultanate in the nineteenth century.

The Lollards in Pre-Reformation Scotland

1942 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Stanford Reid
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century

The influence of the Lollard movement on the Scottish Reformation was pointed out by John Knox in the sixteenth century; and in the latter part of the nineteenth century the same point was stressed by the Historiographer Royal for Scotland, P. Hume Brown. Yet in spite of such illustrious advocacy, with one or two minor exceptions, little attention has been paid to the Wycliffite tradition in fifteenth century Scotland. It has generally been taken for granted that the Lollards were unimportant and possessed little or no influence. When all the information on the movement which we possess, however, is brought together, one cannot but feel that they had a greater influence on their own time than has heretofore been allowed: Not only did the early reformers consider them very important, but today also, in spite of predilections for economic interpretations of history, they must be regarded as one of the important sources of the Scottish Reformation.

III. Abbot Berkyng's Tapestries and Matthew Paris's Life of St Edward the Confessor

Archaeologia ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Binski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Textile Production ◽  
Cologne Cathedral ◽  
Edward The Confessor ◽  
The Church

According to John Flete, the fifteenth-century historian of Westminster Abbey, Abbot Richard de Berkyng (d. 1246) bequeathed to the Abbey two curtains or dorsalia which he had procured for the choir, depicting the story of the Saviour and St Edward. Nothing is known about the appearance of these textiles; but they were presumably of fine quality, befitting the patronage of a Treasurer of England, and were evidently intended to hang in the choir stalls. There they remained until after the Dissolution. According to a sixteenth-century commentary with transcriptions of the original texts in the hangings by Robert Hare, discovered by M. R. James (Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, MS 391 [611], they were of ‘faire arras worke’, and so were tapestries rather than embroideries; they were also described as ‘wrought in the cloth of Arras’ by Weever in 1631. They hung in the church until 1644, whence they were removed to the chamber of the House of Commons in the Palace; according to Brayley ‘a large remnant’ of the scene of the Circumcision was still preserved in the Jerusalem Chamber at the Abbey in the early nineteenth century. The tapestries were one of the most extensive recorded instances of English thirteenth-century textile production. They provide evidence too for a genre of monastic choir decoration analogous to the lost Old Testament narratives in the choir at Bury St Edmund's and the typological pictures formerly adorning the choir-stalls of Peterborough Abbey. Moreover, they anticipate the mixture of purely narrative material in the surviving fourteenth-century paintings above the dossals of the choir stalls of Cologne Cathedral, and especially the tapestries depicting the lives of St Piat and St Eleutherius from the choir of Tournai Cathedral, Arras work dated 1402.

scholarly journals Les edicions catalanes del Pierres de Provença: Estat de la qüestió

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Vicent Pastor Briones
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Critical Edition ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
French Original ◽  
Made In

Resum: La novel·la anònima Pierres de Provença ens arriba des d’un original francès escrit a mitjan segle XV passant per algunes traduccions castellanes i catalanes que van fer-se des de principis del segle XVI. Malgrat la poca atenció que li ha dedicat la crítica literària en general, les aventures del cavaller Pierres i la gentil Magalona han comptat amb lectors de forma continuada fins al segle XIX. Aquest relat cavalleresc és un dels pocs títols que conformen el catàleg de la prosa impresa en català en l’època moderna, i és, per tant, força convenient fer una adequada catalogació de les edicions per tal de confegir un cens acurat que permeta estudiar l’obra i bastir-ne una edició crítica. Hem pogut establir un llistat d’onze edicions verificades pels bibliògrafs, de les quals només se’n conserven nou. La cronologia de les edicions és, a hores d’ara, aproximada, exceptuant-ne les que fan constar la data d’impressió a la portada: 1650, 1683 i 1908. Paraules clau: Pierres de Provença, edicions, català, segles XVII-XVIII   Abstract: The anonymous novel Pierres de Provença has come to us from a French original written in the mid-fifteenth century through some of the Spanish and Catalan translations carried out since the beginning of the sixteenth century. Despite the little attention that it has received from most  historians of literature, the adventures of the knight Pierres and the beautiful Magalona have had readers uninterruptedly up to the nineteenth century. This short chivalric story is one of the few works that make up the catalog of the Catalan prose of the modern period, and therefore it is quite convenient to make a thorough cataloguing of the editions made in order to establish an accurate census that allows to study the work and build up a critical edition. We have been able to establish a list of eleven editions verified by the bibliographers, of which only nine have been preserved. The chronology of most of the editions is, by now, just approximate, except those that have a specified date print on the cover: 1650, 1683 and 1908.   Keywords: Pierres de Provença, editions, Catalan, XVII-XVIIIth centuries    

Master Villon and Master Pathelin

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Jonathan Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Francois Villon ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Legal Sense

Chapter 4 considers the emergence of knavish villain characters in legally-inflected poetry, specifically in relation to basoche (judiciary) farce and faux-legal testament. The chapter begins by considering villonnies (a variant spelling of vilenies) within a poetics of advocacy in the fifteenth century, and moves on to consider the impact of legal-literary habits that propelled two personae—Master François Villon and his double, Master Pierre Pathelin—to legendary status by the early sixteenth century. Chapter 4 is the first of three chapters examining how various vilain traits were woven into new kinds of poetry that made an art of vilification; an adversarial discourse broader than the legal sense of slander with self-conscious fashioning and refashioning of its villain figures.

Eunuchs in the Ottoman Empire

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hathaway
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
East African ◽  
Young Turks

Abstract This article surveys the employment of eunuchs in the Ottoman Empire. After placing the use of court eunuchs in a global historical context, the study turns to the earliest eunuchs in Ottoman employ, who were probably Byzantine prisoners of war. By the early fifteenth century, East African harem eunuchs had become an important element of the palace eunuch population, and the article discusses their procurement and castration. The construction of Topkap Palace in newly-conquered Constantinople during the 1450s laid the ground for the dichotomy between African harem eunuchs and white Third Court eunuchs. An equally important watershed occurred in the late sixteenth century, when the Chief Harem Eunuch assumed the supervision of the imperial pious endowments for Mecca and Medina, making him one of the most powerful figures in the empire. By the late seventeenth century, deposed Chief Harem Eunuchs often commanded the eunuchs who guarded the Prophet Muhammads tomb in Medina. The influence of all palace eunuchs decreased during the eighteenth century, as the grand vizier acquired ever more control over the empires administration. Nineteenth-century reforms dealt a permanent blow to the harem eunuchs authority, which ended entirely when the Young Turks disbanded the harem in 1909.Аннотация Статья рассматривает вопрос о привлечении на службу евнухов в Османскои империи. После общего обзора роли придворных евнухов в глобальном историческом контексте, исследование обращается к первым евнухам на османскои службе, которые вероятно были византиискими военнопленными. К началу XV в. восточно-африканские евнухи гарема стали важнои фракциеи среди дворцовых евнухов в статье рассматривается методика их отбора и кастрации. Строительство дворца Топкапы в недавно завоеванном Константинополе в 50-х гг. XV в. положило начало дихотомии между африканскими евнухами Гарема и белыми евнухами Третьего Двора. Не менее важным рубежом становится и конец XVI в., когда старшии евнух Гарема принял на себя обязанности по управлению имперскими благотворительными пожертвованиями в Мекку и Медину, что сделало этого сановника одной из самых могущественных фигур империи. К концу XVII в. низложенные главные евнухи Гарема часто принимали командование над евнухами, охранявшими гробницу Пророка Мухаммеда в Медине. Влияние дворцовых евнухов оказывается ослабленным в XVIII столетии, по мере того как великии визирь получал все большую власть над управлением империи. Реформы XIX столетия нанесли решающии удар по власти евнухов Гарема, которая полностью сошла на нет при расформировании его младотурками в 1909 г.

Food of the Gods

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Dale Walters
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Central America ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Chocolate Industry ◽  
Center Of Diversity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Fifteenth

This chapter deals with the history of cacao and cocoa, from its primary center of diversity in the Amazon basin to its cultivation in numerous countries across the humid lowland tropics. It covers the use of cocoa by pre-Colombian cultures from more than 5000 years ago to the Mayans and Aztecs, its “discovery” by Columbus in the late fifteenth century, and its popularity in Europe from the sixteenth century to the present. It follows the journey of this remarkable plant, from use of its beans as currency in Central America until the early to mid-nineteenth century, through to its place at the center of a multi-billion-dollar global chocolate industry.

The Blue Flower and the Account Book

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Anne F. Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North American ◽  
American West ◽  
Fur Trade ◽  
Blue Flower ◽  
Racial Category ◽  
North American West ◽  
Mixed Blood ◽  
Anglo American

This essay, a revised version of the August 2015 talk, examines the story of two mixed-blood women, indigenous and Anglo American, who lived in the fur trade North American West. The essay examines a racial category, mixed blood or “half-breed” and considers the challenges for people who lived in and used that category in the nineteenth century. The essay illuminates the challenges of using different kinds of personal records to understand how these nineteenth-century women might have thought about identity, a word they never would have used.

Islamic Monuments as Christian Trophies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Urquízar-Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Medieval Chronicles ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Rodrigo Jimenez De Rada ◽  
The Way

Chapter 3 approaches the notion of trophy through historical accounts of the Christianization of the Córdoba and Seville Islamic temples in the thirteenth-century and the late-fifteenth-century conquest of Granada. The first two examples on Córdoba and Seville are relevant to explore the way in which medieval chronicles (mainly Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada and his entourage) turned the narrative of the Christianization of mosques into one of the central topics of the restoration myth. The sixteenth-century narratives about the taking of the Alhambra in Granada explain the continuity of this triumphal reading within the humanist model of chorography and urban eulogy (Lucius Marineus Siculus, Luis de Mármol Carvajal, and Francisco Bermúdez de Pedraza).

The Roman Aura in Henry James’s Daisy Miller: A Study (1878)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Carlos Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Classical Culture

Concentrating on Henry James’s Daisy Miller, this chapter reveals its author engaging in arguments over the decline and fall of the Roman Empire among nineteenth-century Anglo-American writers and over the best means of using Rome’s example as a warning to contemporaries. The novella’s Roman setting and frequent references to classical culture both extend Anglo-American Romantics’ emphasis on the Roman failure to develop a comprehensive democracy and allow James to pursue his own interest in post-Civil War America as an emerging global power. Departing from earlier interpretations of Rome’s importance within Daisy Miller, this chapter argues that James employs the character of Daisy to reconceive Rome’s relevance to central issues of class and gender. If James rejects aspects of contemporary American feminism embodied by such classically inspired artists as Harriet Hosmer and Maria Louisa Lander, he nevertheless makes his unsophisticated heroine, Daisy, into a means of expressing his democratic vision.

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