France

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-122
Author(s):  
Thierry Balzacq
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Global Status ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Causal Logic

France conducted a unique grand strategy, labeled “grandeur,” from the late 1950s to 1989. Its key elements were: the search for global status; the need for independence in decision-making and a related refusal to accept subordination to the United States; and the primacy of nuclear power in its military arsenal. But France has radically reoriented its grand strategy for the last three decades towards a more integrative formulation of “liberal engagement.” This chapter first describes the features of grandeur and then identifies the factors that led France to pursue liberal engagement. It describes and compares the characteristics of the two along three axes: their theoretical bases, causal logic, and policy components. The chapter concludes by examining the impact of liberal engagement on France’s forms of foreign engagement; assesses the ways and extent to which they serve France’s interests; and evaluates the consequences of those choices.

scholarly journals Differential impact of non-pharmaceutical public health interventions on COVID-19 epidemics in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoshuang Liu ◽  
Xiao Xu ◽  
Guanqiao Li ◽  
Xian Xu ◽  
Yuyao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Closure ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Individualized Decision

Abstract The widespread pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses an unprecedented global health crisis. In the United States (US), different state governments have adopted various combinations of non-pharmaceutical public health interventions (NPIs) to mitigate the epidemic from February to April, 2020. Quantitative assessment on the effectiveness of NPIs is in great need to assist in guiding the individualized decision making for adjustment of interventions in the US and around the world. However, the impact of these approaches remain uncertain. Based on the reported cases, the effective reproduction number of COVID-19 epidemic for 50 states in the US was estimated. The measurement on the effectiveness of eight different NPIs was conducted by assessing risk ratios (RRs) between and NPIs through a generalized linear model (GLM). Different NPIs were found to have led to different levels of reduction in. Stay-at-home contributed approximately 51% (95% CI 46%-57%), gathering ban (more than 10 people) 19% (14%-24%), non-essential business closure 16% (10%-21%), declaration of emergency 13% (8%-17%), interstate travel restriction 11% (5%-16%), school closure 10% (7%-13%), initial business closure 10% (6%-14%), and gathering ban (more than 50 people) 6% (2%-11%). This retrospective assessment of NPIs on has shown that NPIs played critical roles on epidemic control in the US in the past several months. The quantitative results could guide individualized decision making for future adjustment of NPIs in the US and other countries for COVID-19 and other similar infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Resistensi Hubungan Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat dan Iran: Studi Kasus Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-175
Author(s):  
Wildan Ilmanuarif Shafar ◽  
Dian Mutmainah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Since 2015 the United States has been a signatory of the historic nuclear agreement with Iran known formally as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), which was also agreed by other P5+1 countries. JCPOA is the achievement of the U.S. and other P5+1 countries' negotiations with Iran regarding the limitation of Iran's nuclear program. JCPOA is also known to be the vital instrument to reduce Iran's capabilities regarding its aggressive behavior and malign activities, creating destabilization in the Middle East. However, in 2018 the United States government decided to withdraw its participation from the JCPOA. As we know, this decision had an impact on Iran's behavior, which several times violated the contents of the JCPOA agreement even though they did not leave the agreement. We are also witnessing the impact of this decision increase the conflict between the US and Iran in recent years. This research aims to explain the rationale of the U.S. decision to withdraw from the JCPOA nuclear agreement with Iran in 2018. This research using the foreign policy decision-making framework model by Charles W. Kegley and Gregory A. Raymond. This concept focuses on explaining factors of foreign policy decision-making in three sources of analysis and the process of foreign policy-making based on rational choice.

Pre- and Midtrial Publicity in the Age of Internet and Social Media

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarika Daftary-Kapur ◽  
Steven D. Penrod
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Juror Decision Making ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Internet And Social Media

Although juror misconduct has always been a concern, the prevalence of technology available to jurors has increased the ease with which jurors can improperly communicate with others, publish information regarding the trial, and conduct outside research on the case. This chapter discusses the role of the Internet and social media in the courtroom and how access to this information in the form of midtrial publicity might impact juror decision-making. Additionally, it discusses steps that have been taken by courts around the United States to address the issue of Internet use by jurors as well as recommendations to limit the impact of the Internet and social media on juror decision-making.

Industrial risks

1981 ◽  
Vol 376 (1764) ◽  
pp. 133-149 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Element ◽  
Light Water ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Industrial Risks

A brief look is taken at the status of progress, or the lack of it, towards a quantitative approach to the estimation and assessment of risk for several technologies in the United States. The increase of interest in the consideration of comparative risks in decision-making is also discussed. Finally, a recently proposed trial approach to quantitative safety goals for light-water nuclear power reactors is summarized. The approach is divided into two major tasks: the predominantly social and political task of setting safety criteria, and the technical task of estimating the risks and deciding whether the safety criteria have been met. The safety criteria include the following: limits on hazard states within the reactor; limits on risk to the individual; limits on societal risk; a cost-effectiveness criterion as low as reasonably achievable; a small element of risk aversion.

The impact of managerial values on decision-making behaviour: A comparison of the United States and Hong Kong

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A Ralston ◽  
David J Gustafson ◽  
Robert H Terpstra ◽  
David H Holt ◽  
Fanny Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
The United States ◽  
Managerial Values ◽  
The Impact

The impact of military research and development priorities on the evolution of the civil economy in capitalist states

1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Buzan ◽  
Gautam Sen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Military Research ◽  
Civil Economy ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this paper is to identify the process by which military research and development (R&D) priorities affect the evolution of major sectors of the civil economy in capitalist states. Military priorities channel a significant proportion of the resources that capitalist societies devote to R&D: for the United States in the period 1982–4, military R&D amounted to 28.9 per cent of gross domestic expenditure on R&D. The nature of military priorities favours some areas of technological development over others, and when these favoured areas are opened up for military purposes, it is often possible to build a major civil industry on the resultant technology. Examples of this process include nuclear power, civil aviation, space satellites and computers. Some, though by no means all, of the commanding heights of civil economies are thus powerfully shaped by the opportunities created by specifically military R&D.

scholarly journals Cultural Variability in the Attribute Framing Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong Eun Cheon ◽  
Yeseul Nam ◽  
Kaylyn J. Kim ◽  
Hae In Lee ◽  
Haeyoung Gideon Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Framing Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
North Americans ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Promotion Orientation

An intriguing phenomenon that arises from decision making is that the decision maker’s choice is often influenced by whether the option is presented in a positive or negative frame, even though the options are, de facto, identical to one another. Yet, the impact of such differential framing of equivalent information, referred to as the attribute framing effect, may not be the same for every culture; rather, some cultures may be more readily influenced by the differentially valenced frames than others (i.e., showing a greater difference in evaluation in a positive vs. negative frame). The present study investigates to what extent and why cultures may differ in their sensitivity to the attribute framing effect. Participants were recruited from South Korea and the United States, cultures characterized by their focus on prevention and promotion, respectively, to test for the cultural variability in the attribute framing effect. The results revealed that Korean participants were markedly more influenced by the valence of the frame than North American participants. Regulatory focus explained why Koreas showed a greater sensitivity toward the attribute framing effect than North Americans. Specifically, a greater prevention (vs. promotion) orientation of Korean participants led them to show a greater evaluation gap in the positive and negative frames. Implications for cultural significance on the attribute framing effect are discussed.

Impact of Recent Developments on the Status of Commercial Nuclear Power and Reactor Decommissioning in the United States

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jas S. Devgun
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Energy Economics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yucca Mountain ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Mountain Closure ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of three recent developments on the commercial nuclear power in the United States. These developments include: Yucca Mountain closure and issues related to SNF; actions in response to Fukushima Diaiichi accident, and; energy economics. All of these have had a significant impact on the commercial nuclear power, its future, as well as the reactor decommissioning scene in the US.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Beth A. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Buildup ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

Triumphalists believe that President Ronald Reagan “won” the Cold War by introducing a military buildup and threatening the Soviet Union. His hawkish policies compelled Moscow to agree to arms reductions, democratic reforms, and a withdrawal from its war in Afghanistan. Ultimately, the president forced the Soviet Union to collapse. Triumphalists assert that contemporary leaders should follow Reagan’s lead: they should seek to end conflicts by compelling adversaries into submission. Despite its popularity, triumphalism is a series of myths about President Reagan’s intentions, his policies, and the impact his administration had on the USSR. Drawing upon sources from both the United States and the Soviet Union, each chapter of this book debunks a different falsehood. Chapters 1–3 clarify Reagan’s views and objectives, while Chapters 4 and 5 explain Soviet decision making. Chapter 6 considers larger debates about the effectiveness of compellence and diplomacy in ending the Cold War.

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