Palestinian Transnational Social Field and Diaspora Entrepreneurs

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-163
Author(s):  
Maria Koinova
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Islamic Movements ◽  
Palestinian Territories ◽  
Second Intifada ◽  
West Bank And Gaza ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Profiles

This chapter and the following Chapter 7 are interconnected as they both discuss Palestinian diaspora mobilizations. This chapter focuses on the transnational social field and the four types of diaspora entrepreneurs connected not simply to the West Bank and Gaza but also to Jerusalem, Palestinian camps in Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, and other fragile states in the Middle East. The 1948 ‘great dispersal’ of Palestinians became a pivotal point for refugee migration and subsequent commemoration in the diaspora. The PLO secularist nationalist movement and Islamic movements have developed rich exile politics since the 1970s–1980s. The 1993 Oslo Accords presented an opportunity for embedding the diaspora-based PLO into homeland territory and establishing an internationally endorsed local government under PNA leadership. Islamic networks existed in parallel, drawing more strength from the failed peace process and gaining momentum with the second intifada after 2000. It paved the way for Hamas to win elections in 2006 and establish alternative governance in Gaza, which has been disputed ever since. The polarization of domestic politics was transposed to the diaspora. There are many disagreements in this field on what is the main goal of the Palestinian cause beyond ending occupation of the Palestinian territories. For some, achieving statehood is important, advocating either a two-state or a one-state solution. For others, a solution for refugee return needs to be prioritized. This chapter presents data on migration in the Palestinian field, in the Middle East and globally, and specifies the individual profiles of Palestinian diaspora entrepreneurs.

Albanian Transnational Social Field and Diaspora Entrepreneurs

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-110
Author(s):  
Maria Koinova
Keyword(s):  
Fragile States ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Weak State ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Political Dynamics ◽  
Eu Integration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Balkan States ◽  
Field Perspective ◽  
Individual Profiles

This chapter and the following Chapter 5 are interconnected as they both discuss Albanian diaspora mobilizations. This chapter lays out political dynamics in the Albanian transnational social field and presents the profiles of the four types of diaspora entrepreneurs that operate within it. Incomplete nation-building and state-building processes have left Albanians scattered throughout the Balkans since the early twentieth century, where they currently live as either majorities or minorities. Weak state capacities of Kosovo alongside those of adjacent fragile states, as well as problematic treatment of Albanians where they are minorities, most notably North Macedonia and Serbia, have created dynamics conducive for Albanians to emigrate from the region and mobilize in the diaspora. Kosovo’s independence was a goal not simply for Albanians from Kosovo but was widespread among other diaspora Albanians until the 2008 independence. Albanians socialized with each other in the diaspora, irrespective of their original homeland, thereby forging bonds and seeking Kosovo’s statehood through a transnational social field perspective. More recently, another field-wide idea has emerged, of an ‘Albanian space’ formed through the EU integration of Balkan states with Albanian populations. This chapter presents data on migration in the Albanian field, in the Balkans and globally, and specifies the individual profiles of Albanian diaspora entrepreneurs.

Armenian Transnational Social Field and Diaspora Entrepreneurs

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-212
Author(s):  
Maria Koinova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Armenian Genocide ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Defining Moment ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Armenian Diaspora ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Profiles

This chapter and the following Chapter 9 are interconnected as they both discuss Armenian diaspora mobilizations. This chapter focuses on the transnational social field and the four types of diaspora entrepreneurs. Armenians have lived in the Caucasus and the Middle East prior to the 1915 Armenian genocide, a defining moment historically and especially for the diaspora. Self-determination claims of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh have been interconnected historically, considered part of ‘Eastern Armenia’. They both seceded from the Soviet Union in 1991. An independent Armenia was internationally recognized as a state, unlike the de facto state of Karabakh, unrecognized at present. A devastating 1988 earthquake and a war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Karabakh (1992–4) created opportune moments for the diaspora in Western countries to connect to Armenia and Karabakh. The diaspora in Europe was primarily formed by survivors and descendants of the Armenian genocide, with roots in ‘Western Armenia’ in Turkey and the larger Middle East, and organized by diaspora parties. Fragility of statehood in Armenia and Karabakh, and recurrent violence and authoritarianism in the Middle East continued to create push factors for Armenians to emigrate across the globe and for the diaspora to mobilize. The highest priority in the diaspora, especially in Europe, remained the recognition of the Armenian genocide, while Karabakh’s recognition and supporting Armenia took a back seat. The chapter presents data on migration in the Armenian field, in the Caucasus, the Middle East and globally, and specifies the individual profiles of Armenian diaspora entrepreneurs.

IDF Counterinsurgency in the Second Intifada

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-72
Author(s):  
Devorah S. Manekin
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Operational Approach ◽  
Legal Requirement ◽  
Palestinian Territories ◽  
Second Intifada ◽  
Israel Defense Forces

This chapter discusses counterinsurgency during the evolution of Israel's five-decade occupation of the Palestinian Territories based on the perspectives of ordinary combatants and supplemented by media and non-governmental organisation (NGO) reports. It provides a brief overview of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) approach to counterinsurgency and gives detailed analysis of specific practices implemented in the Second Intifada. The chapter describes the role of civilians in the Israeli approach to counterinsurgency and its importance in revealing a conflict between the principles of international humanitarian law and operational approach to counterinsurgency. It also examines the basic contradiction between the legal requirement to protect civilians and the operational notion of targeting them. It highlights the IDF's counterinsurgency tactics in the Second Intifada that responded to changes in the nature and intensity of the insurgency, domestic politics, and international factors.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisel Hintz
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Inside Out

This chapter introduces the book’s aim of turning the concept of identity politics inside out. It presents Turkey as an empirical window onto these dynamics, familiarizing readers with puzzling shifts in domestic politics and foreign policy that do not correspond to shifts in geopolitical dynamics, international economic conditions, or the coming to power of a new party. For example, after the AKP made progress toward EU membership in its first term, the party’s subsequent terms witnessed a sharp reorientation of Turkey, a traditional Western ally, toward the Middle East. This period also demonstrates a rise in “Ottomania”—reviled until recently as delusions of imperial Islamic grandeur—which now permeates everything from pop culture to political campaigns. How was such a drastic reorientation of Turkey possible under the AKP? This introduction lays out how the book solves this puzzle by turning identity politics inside out and outlines the structure of the book.

The Middle East and Peaceful Change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie M. Kacowicz ◽  
Galia Press-Barnathan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
War Zone ◽  
Arab League ◽  
Arab Israeli Conflict ◽  
Kurdish Question ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level Of Analysis

The Middle East is often considered a war zone, and it rarely comes to mind as a region that includes cases of peaceful change. Yet several examples of peaceful change can be identified at different levels of analysis: international, regional, interactive, and domestic. This chapter first critically examines the impact of the broader global/systemic level of analysis on the prospects for peaceful change. It then moves to examine the regional level of analysis, exploring the Kurdish question and the Arab-Israeli conflict as a central axis of change, the role of the Arab League, and the case of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The chapter then examines the interactive, bilateral level of analysis, exploring peaceful territorial change in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict, with reference to the successful Israeli-Egyptian negotiations of 1977–1979 and the stalled Israeli-Palestinian peace process since 1993. Next, it explores the domestic level of analysis, focusing on domestic politics, the nature of ruling coalitions, and the implications of the domestic turmoil of the Arab Spring. The last section draws conclusions from each level of analysis, with implications about the prospects for peaceful change in the region.

scholarly journals Malta X Anniversary and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Emma Zajdela ◽  
Zafra Lerman
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Innovation Research ◽  
Science Diplomacy ◽  
Peace And Justice ◽  
Second Intifada ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Science Innovation

Abstract In December 2021, the Malta X Conference “Frontiers of Science: Innovation, Research and Education in the Middle East—A Bridge to Peace” will mark the celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Malta Conferences. The first Malta Conference was held on the island of Malta in 2003 amidst the height of the Second Intifada. Since then, the Malta Conferences Foundation (MCF) has been a pioneer in using science diplomacy as a bridge to peace and sustainable development in the Middle East [1]. MCF uses science diplomacy to advance the following four UN Sustainable Development Goals: 1. Ensure inclusive and quality education for all (Goal 4) 2. Ensure access of Water and Sanitation for all (Goal 6) 3. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern Energy for all (Goal 7), and 4. Promote Peace and Justice, as well as inclusive societies (Goal 16). In 2016, MCF received the UN NOVUS Summit award for Goal 16: Peace and Justice [2]. The Summit was held in the UN General Assembly.

scholarly journals Effects of food and sucralfate on a single oral dose of 500 milligrams of levofloxacin in healthy subjects.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2196-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
L J Lee ◽  
B Hafkin ◽  
I D Lee ◽  
J Hoh ◽  
R Dix
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Profiles ◽  
Fat Meal

The effects of food and sucralfate on the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin following the administration of a single 500-mg oral dose were investigated in a randomized, three-way crossover study with young healthy subjects (12 males and 12 females). Levofloxacin was administered under three conditions: fasting, fed (immediately after a standardized high-fat breakfast), and fasting with sucralfate given 2 h following the administration of levofloxacin. The concentrations of levofloxacin in plasma and urine were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. By noncompartmental methods, the maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax), the time to Cmax (Tmax), the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), half-life (t1/2), clearance (CL/F), renal clearance (CLR), and cumulative amount of levofloxacin in urine (Ae) were estimated. The individual profiles of the drug concentration in plasma showed little difference among the three treatments. The only consistent effect of the coadministration of levofloxacin with a high-fat meal for most subjects was that levofloxacin absorption was delayed and Cmax was slightly reduced (Tmax, 1.0 and 2.0 h for fasting and fed conditions, respectively [P = 0.002]; Cmax, 5.9 +/- 1.3 and 5.1 +/- 0.9 microg/ml [90% confidence interval = 0.79 to 0.94] for fasting and fed conditions, respectively). Sucralfate, which was administered 2 h after the administration of levofloxacin, appeared to have no effect on levofloxacin's disposition compared with that under the fasting condition. Mean values of Cmax and AUC from time zero to infinity were 6.7 +/- 3.2 microg/ml and 47.9 +/- 8.4 microg x h/ml, respectively, following the administration of sucralfate compared to values of 5.9 +/- 1.3 microg/ml and 50.5 +/- 8.1 microg x h/ml, respectively, under fasting conditions. The mean t1/2, CL/F, CLR, and Ae values were similar among all three treatment groups. In conclusion, the absorption of levofloxacin was slightly delayed by food, although the overall bioavailability of levofloxacin following a high-fat meal was not altered. Finally, sucralfate did not alter the disposition of levofloxacin when sucralfate was given 2 h after the administration of the antibacterial agent, thus preventing a potential drug-drug interaction.

scholarly journals Podwójne życie tłumacza

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Gawlak
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Literary Field ◽  
Social Field ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Translator’s Double LifeThe manner of functioning of South Slavic literature translators in the social field is presented in the article as a case of “multiplied social participation”, participation in the “game”, which they treat as an incentive for cultural, intellectual and moral development in the individual and social dimension. Methodological considerations on the translation presented in the article are based on the concepts of Barnard Lahire, Pierre Bourdieu, and Roger Caillois.KEY WORDS: Bernard Lahire, Pierre Bourdieu, literary field, game, Roger Caillois, literary translation

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