Simplest Quantum Devices: Polarizers and Beam Splitters

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-153
Author(s):  
M. Suhail Zubairy
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Polarization Property ◽  
Quantum Devices ◽  
Beam Splitters ◽  
Electric And Magnetic Fields ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Polarization Of Light

Maxwell showed that light consists of electric and magnetic fields that oscillate in directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Associated with this picture of light as an electromagnetic wave is an important property—the polarization of light. The polarization of light is related to the direction of oscillation of the electric field in an electromagnetic wave. In this chapter, the basic principles of quantum mechanics are discussed by studying the polarization property of a single photon. First the properties of a polarizer are presented and Malus’ law for polarized light is derived. Next it is shown that the basic features of quantum mechanics can be understood via an analysis of a single photon passing through a polarizer. This simple system allows an introduction of Dirac’s ket and bra notations for a quantum state. Finally the transformation properties of the quantum beam splitter and the polarization beam splitters are discussed.

scholarly journals Compact Photonic Crystal Polarization Beam Splitter Based on the Self-Collimation Effect

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Geyu Tang ◽  
Huamao Huang ◽  
Yuqi Liu ◽  
Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Optical Communications ◽  
Beam Splitter ◽  
Extinction Ratio ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
The Self ◽  
Polarization Beam Splitter ◽  
Optical Interconnection ◽  
Beam Splitting ◽  
Beam Splitters ◽  
Polarization Extinction Ratio

We propose a new compact polarization beam splitter based on the self-collimation effect of two-dimensional photonic crystals and photonic bandgap characteristics. The device is composed of a rectangular air holes-based polarization beam splitting structure and circular air holes-based self-collimating structure. By inserting the polarization beam splitting structure into the self-collimating structure, the TE and TM polarized lights are orthogonally separated at their junction. When the number of rows in the hypotenuse of the inserted rectangular holes is 5, the transmittance of TE polarized light at 1550 nm is 95.4% and the corresponding polarization extinction ratio is 23 dB; on the other hand, the transmittance of TM polarized light is 88.5% and the corresponding polarization extinction ratio is 37 dB. For TE and TM polarized lights covering a 100 nm bandwidth, the TE and TM polarization extinction ratios are higher than 18 dB and 30 dB, respectively. Compared with the previous polarization beam splitters, our structure is simple, the size is small, and the extinction ratio is high, which meets the needs of modern optical communications, optical interconnection, and optical integrated systems.

scholarly journals III. On the Plane and Angle of Polarization of Light Reflected at the surface of a Crystal

1844 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-65
Author(s):  
P. Kelland
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Polarization Of Light

The present Memoir is, to a certain extent, a continuation of one which the author presented to the Society in December 1838, and which has since been published in the thirteenth volume of the Transactions. Other motives, however, than the desire of completing the subject, have influenced him in producing the following analysis. A very important point in the hypothetical conditions which Fresnel assumed to hold with respect to polarized light, has, of late, been warmly combated in various quarters. Fresnel supposed that light polarized in a given plane consists of vibrations of such a nature that the motion is perpendicular to that plane. Neumann and other writers contend that the very opposite is the fact. We hope to be able to offer evidence of some little weight in favour of the former view; at the same time we do not pretend to shew the actual impossibility of the truth of the latter.

scholarly journals On the quantum-mechanics of a single photon

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 112302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K.-H. Kiessling ◽  
A. Shadi Tahvildar-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Single Photon

scholarly journals Supreme Theory of Everything

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
Theory Of Everything ◽  
Parallel Universes ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Geometric Quantum Mechanics

Not only universe, but everything has general characters as eternal, infinite, cyclic and wave-particle duality. Everything from elementary particles to celestial bodies, from electromagnetic wave to gravity is in eternal motions, which dissects only to circle. Since everything is described only by trigonometry. Without trigonometry and mathematical circle, the science cannot indicate all the beauty of harmonic universe. Other method may be very good, but it is not perfect. Some part is very nice, another part is problematic. General Theory of Relativity holds that gravity is geometric. Quantum Mechanics describes all particles by wave function of trigonometry. In this paper using trigonometry, particularly mathematics circle, a possible version of the unification of partial theories, evolution history and structure of expanding universe, and the parallel universes are shown.

scholarly journals Information’s Relativistic Convey with Matter Wave’s Non-Dispersive Propagation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Wang Xinye
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Duality Theory ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Matter Wave ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
Dispersive Propagation ◽  
Special Relativity Theory

The Wave-Particle Duality is a basic property of microscopic particles. As a basic concept of quantum mechanics, the wave-particle duality theory from elementary particles to big molecules had been verified by lots of experiments. Different from electromagnetic wave, the matter wave’s propagation is not only fast but also adjustable. According to the special relativity theory, the group velocity with which the overall envelope shape of the wave, namely the related particle’s propagation and information convey speed is changeable with its energy and related wavelength, among which only the energy exceeds over the minimum value, the propagation can be starting and the velocity is not allowed to surpass the maximum value i.e. the light speed in vacuum. Take electron as an example, if the free electron beam gains energy higher than around 8.187×10ˉᴵ⁴J and the related wavelength is shorter than around 5.316×10ˉ³nm, the matter wave with information can start to propagate.  

scholarly journals Experimental researches on the elliptic polarization of light

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 394-394
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Metallic Surfaces ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Elliptic Polarization ◽  
Polarization Of Light ◽  
Experimental Researches

This paper contains an experimental investigation of the phenomena of elliptic polarization resulting from the reflexion of polarized light from metallic surfaces, and the theory on which they are explicable; the analytical results being given in a tabular form, and applied to the cases of the experiments themselves.

Two-party QPC with polarization-entangled Bell states and the coherent states

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3&4) ◽  
pp. 236-254
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ming Xiu ◽  
Li Dong ◽  
Hong-Zhi Shen ◽  
Ya-Jun Gao ◽  
X. X. Yi
Keyword(s):  
Coherent States ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bell States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Nonlinear Interactions ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Beam Splitters ◽  
Kerr Media ◽  
Einstein Podolsky Rosen

We propose a protocol of quantum privacy comparison with polarization-entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (Bell) states and the coherent states. One of two legitimate participants, Alice, prepares polarization-entangled Bell states and keeps one photon of each photon pair and sends the other photons to the third party, Charlie. Receiving the photons, Charlie performs single-photon transformation operations on them and then sends them to the other legitimate participant, Bob. Three participants adopt parity analysis method to check the distribution security of Bell states. Exploiting polarization beam splitters and nonlinear interactions mediated by the probe coherent states in Kerr media, Alice and Bob check the parities of their photons using the bases of $\{\ket H, \ket V\}$ or $\{\ket +, \ket -\}$. On the basis of the parity analysis outcomes and Charlie's publicized information, they can analyze the security of the distributed quantum channel. Confirming secure distribution of the shared Bell states, two participants perform respective parity measurements on the privacy photons and own photons of Bell states, and then send the results to Charlie. According to information provided by two legitimate participants and his single-qubit transformation operations, Charlie compares the privacy information of Alice and Bob and publicizes the conclusion.

Generation of cluster-type entangled coherent states using weak nonlinearities

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1&2) ◽  
pp. 124-141
Author(s):  
Nguyen B. An ◽  
Kisik Kim ◽  
Jaewan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Coherent States ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Optical Devices ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Intense Laser ◽  
Laser Beams ◽  
Beam Splitters ◽  
Photo Detectors ◽  
Cluster Type ◽  
Entangled Coherent States

We propose a scheme to generate a recently introduced type of entangled coherent states using realistic weak cross-Kerr nonlinearities and intense laser beams. An intense laser can be filtered to make a faint one to be used for production of a single photon which is necessary in our scheme. The optical devices used are conventional ones such as interferometer, mirrors, beam-splitters, phase-shifters and photo-detectors. We also provide a detailed analysis on the effects of possible imperfections and decoherence showing that our scheme is robust against such effects.

Polarization

Optics f2f ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Charles S. Adams ◽  
Ifan G. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Plane Wave ◽  
Wave Solution ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Plane Wave Solution ◽  
Polarization Of Light

This chapter discusses the polarization of light, including the transverse nature of the plane-wave solution; the linear and circular bases are introduced, and the propagation of polarized light in media is analysed.

Basic Electromagnetic Theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
Magdalene Wan Ching Goh
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Maxwell’S Equations ◽  
Maxwell's Equations ◽  
Electromagnetic Theory ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Wave Polarization ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Electric And Magnetic Fields

Electromagnetic theory covers the basic principles of electromagnetism. This chapter explores relationships between electric and magnetic fields. The chapter describes the behaviour of electromagnetic wave. The four sets of Maxwell's equations which underpin the principles of electromagnetism are briefly explained. An illustration on wave polarization and propagation is presented. The author describes the classification of waves according to their wavelengths (i.e. the electromagnetic spectrum).

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