Kin States in Sub-state Diplomacy Conflict Dynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-77
Author(s):  
Cristian Cantir
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
Triangular Relationship ◽  
Identity Protection ◽  
Specific Identity

Abstract How and why do diplomatic activities by sub-state units produce conflict with the central government? To answer this question, scholars have focused on multinational states in which at least one administrative unit—Catalonia, for instance—has an identity that is different from the rest of the country. Such noncentral governments (NCGs), the argument goes, are more likely to engage in uncoordinated bypassing activities and in the international projection of their specific identity in a manner that antagonizes central decision makers. That is especially the case if local elites are dissatisfied with the amount of local autonomy and the institutional tools available for identity protection. This article uses insights from the ethnic conflict and nationalism literature to advance sub-state diplomacy scholarship by adding a transnational dimension to the analysis. Three illustrative case studies—France-Canada-Quebec, Austria-Italy–South Tyrol, and Sweden-Finland–the Åland Islands—reveal that kin states can play a variety of roles in the triangular relationship with the kin NCG and the host state and can either exacerbate or dampen conflictual paradiplomacy. More broadly, the article is an effort to conceptualize the role of sovereign states in sub-state diplomacy.

scholarly journals The Whole Lifecycle Management Efficiency of the Public Sector in PPP Infrastructure Projects

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 3049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nannan Wang ◽  
Minxun Ma ◽  
Yunfei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Management Efficiency ◽  
Quantitative Calculation ◽  
Lifecycle Management

The management role of the public sector in public–private partnership PPP infrastructure projects has been extensively expanded to the whole lifecycle rather than in the traditional infrastructure projects. The performance of the public sector in a PPP is the key for the PPP to achieve sustainability; however, there is a lack of research on the whole lifecycle management efficiency of the public sector in a PPP. This research aims to examine the governance role of the public sector in PPP projects, and therefore evaluate their whole lifecycle management efficiency. An evaluation framework is developed through the lens of governmentality to evaluate the performance of the public sector. Multiple case studies on PPP infrastructure projects in China have identified loopholes during the whole lifecycle of a PPP at the local governmental level. On the basis of the findings of case studies, a conceptual model is proposed to demonstrate ways for the public sector to improve efficiency through integrated governance of PPP projects. The research findings benefit both the central government in terms of evaluation and decision making and the local government by improving their efficiency in PPP infrastructure projects for the purpose of achieving sustainability. According to the findings, policy strategies are provided for the central government on how to further regulate the PPP market and address the loopholes, including further standardizing regulations and instruction, providing unified quantitative calculation or measurement tools, training, and education for the public sector to integrate whole lifecycle project management, and quality control of consultancy for the PPP infrastructure projects.

Territorial Politics and Devolution in Northern Ireland

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-172
Author(s):  
Jonathan Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Good Friday ◽  
Indirect Control ◽  
Territorial Politics ◽  
The One

This chapter addresses territorial politics and the introduction of devolution in Northern Ireland. The chapter focuses on the nature of the territorial strain provided by Northern Ireland, examining the resources feeding nationalist pressures for change in Northern Ireland on the one hand and sustaining UK rule on the other. The chapter explores how recognition of resource weaknesses and constraints influenced nationalist and unionist political elite leadership, and the codes, strategies and goals that they each developed. The chapter also focuses on the codes, strategies and goals pursued by UK central government. In examining the role of UK central government, the chapter acknowledges that the political violence had meant that a long-standing approach of indirect control via collaborative local elites in the Northern Ireland Parliament had had to be abandoned in 1972, to be followed by direct UK rule. Nevertheless, the discussion explores how we should analyse UK centre approaches in terms of various phases of efforts ultimately to restore indirect control via collaborative elites and thus the centre's own relative autonomy from Northern Ireland affairs. Finally, the chapter focuses on the constitutional process which led to the Good Friday Agreement, by which devolution proposals were created, and the extent to which it contributed to their effectiveness and legitimacy. The chapter evaluates to what extent we should see this as a successful territorial constitutional reform.

China and United Nations Security Council Sanctions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Poh
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Security Council ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Voting Behaviour ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Guinea Bissau

Chapter 5 uses the dataset of sanctions-related resolutions tabled at the UNSC from 1971 to 2016 to present a correlation analysis that examines the extent to which expectations derived from the ‘rhetoric-based’ hypothesis align with China’s voting behaviour at the UNSC. Thereafter, it examines the backgrounds, debates, and outcomes concerning three case studies: UN sanctions against the DPRK (2006-2016); Syria (2011-2016); and Guinea- Bissau (2012). It examines whether the hypothesised constraining role of China’s sanctions rhetoric or one of the competing explanations best accounts for the outcomes in each case. It finds that China’s sanctions rhetoric had frequently prompted its decision-makers to act or vote in ways that were not the most favourable to China’s immediate political and economic interests.

‘CIRCLE OF IRON’: AFRICAN COLONIAL EMPLOYEES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF COLONIAL RULE IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA

2003 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMILY LYNN OSBORN
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
French West Africa ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
French Colonial

This article investigates the role of African colonial employees in the functioning of the colonial state in French West Africa. Case studies from the 1890s and early 1900s demonstrate that in the transition from conquest to occupation, low-level African colonial intermediaries continually shaped the localized meanings that colonialism acquired in practice. Well-placed African colonial intermediaries in the colonies of Guinée Française and Soudan Français often controlled the dissemination of information and knowledge in the interactions of French colonial officials with local elites and members of the general population. The contributions of these African employees to the daily operations of the French colonial state show that scholars have long overlooked a cadre of men who played a significant role in shaping colonial rule.

scholarly journals In Search of a Treaty Partner: Who, or What, is 'the Crown'?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Janine Alyth Deaker Hayward
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
Treaty Of Waitangi

<p>In New Zealand, 'the Crown' is frequently referred to in contemporary discourse relating to the Treaty of Waitangi. This thesis investigates the identity of 'the Crown' as a treaty partner with Maori. There are major problems in identifying the Crown, and these problems have serious implications for the 'Maori' treaty partner. First, there is a problem of consistency in the identity of the Crown. Analysis shows that a range of institutions and individuals involved in the negotiation of treaty issues in contemporary New Zealand society is identified as 'the Crown'. The application of theoretical analysis of the role of symbols in politics shows that the Crown symbol is frequently used and widely applied in treaty debate. This is, it is argued, because use of 'the Crown' brings legitimacy and authority to the actions and policies of those entities it identifies. The flexibility and popularity of 'the Crown' symbol creates a problem for Maori, however, because 'the Crown' is not consistently naming the same thing. There is a second major and interrelating problem: the evolution of the Crown. In 1840, 'the Crown' title was used in relation to the Queen, and later was used to describe settler government. Most recently 'the Crown' has come to incorporate local and regional as well as central government. This evolution in the identity of the Crown has frustrated attempts by Maori to identify and negotiate with their treaty partner. In particular, case studies of local government and resource management law reforms in New Zealand demonstrate that Maori themselves have attempted to resist the evolution of the Crown and assert their own interpretation of the appropriate identity for their treaty partner. Having demonstrated the problems of 'the Crown' as well as the frequency of its use, there is the question of the broader constitutional relationship between Māori and the Crown to consider. A discussion of the role of the Crown in Canada illustrates some of the points made earlier in the thesis and demonstrates the unique position of the Crown in New Zealand. In addition, it is argued with regard to constitutional reforms facing New Zealand in the 1990s, that the future development of New Zealand's rapidly evolving constitution must consider the particular relationship between Maori and the Crown.</p>

scholarly journals In Search of a Treaty Partner: Who, or What, is 'the Crown'?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Janine Alyth Deaker Hayward
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
Treaty Of Waitangi

<p>In New Zealand, 'the Crown' is frequently referred to in contemporary discourse relating to the Treaty of Waitangi. This thesis investigates the identity of 'the Crown' as a treaty partner with Maori. There are major problems in identifying the Crown, and these problems have serious implications for the 'Maori' treaty partner. First, there is a problem of consistency in the identity of the Crown. Analysis shows that a range of institutions and individuals involved in the negotiation of treaty issues in contemporary New Zealand society is identified as 'the Crown'. The application of theoretical analysis of the role of symbols in politics shows that the Crown symbol is frequently used and widely applied in treaty debate. This is, it is argued, because use of 'the Crown' brings legitimacy and authority to the actions and policies of those entities it identifies. The flexibility and popularity of 'the Crown' symbol creates a problem for Maori, however, because 'the Crown' is not consistently naming the same thing. There is a second major and interrelating problem: the evolution of the Crown. In 1840, 'the Crown' title was used in relation to the Queen, and later was used to describe settler government. Most recently 'the Crown' has come to incorporate local and regional as well as central government. This evolution in the identity of the Crown has frustrated attempts by Maori to identify and negotiate with their treaty partner. In particular, case studies of local government and resource management law reforms in New Zealand demonstrate that Maori themselves have attempted to resist the evolution of the Crown and assert their own interpretation of the appropriate identity for their treaty partner. Having demonstrated the problems of 'the Crown' as well as the frequency of its use, there is the question of the broader constitutional relationship between Māori and the Crown to consider. A discussion of the role of the Crown in Canada illustrates some of the points made earlier in the thesis and demonstrates the unique position of the Crown in New Zealand. In addition, it is argued with regard to constitutional reforms facing New Zealand in the 1990s, that the future development of New Zealand's rapidly evolving constitution must consider the particular relationship between Maori and the Crown.</p>

Making the business case for AI in HR: two case studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Boris Altemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cultural Fit ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Training

Purpose This paper aims to analyse two large-scale business case studies for the benefits of using AI, computer science and machine learning to assess, recruit and retain staff. Design/methodology/approach The authors interrogate two large-scale case studies, including metrics on the success of AI in relation to user experience, compatibility, psychometric benchmarking. Findings The authors conclude that AI removes bias from assessment, recruitment and training processes and can save businesses significant time and resources as well as improve the cultural fit and diversity of their recruits. There is a balance to be struck, though, as the systems used are only as good as the science supporting the selection – and humans must ultimately retain the role of decision makers. Originality/value These business case studies are examined in detail for the first time in this paper.

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