Weight of Evidence

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Dale A. Nance
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Degree ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
Policy Choices

This chapter analyzes and operationalizes a concept of “weight” as denoting the relative degree to which evidence has been developed on the basis of which to determine disputed claims. This concept was coined by John Maynard Keynes and later applied in the context of judicial proof by a number of scholars. The author distinguishes weight from the degree to which evidence favors one side over the other, and then assays the different ways this concept of weight can be operationalized. He identifies the strengths and weaknesses of various theories, and advocates a conception of weight that emphasizes its connection to fundamental policy choices about the importance of accuracy in litigation and, perhaps, the allocation of the risk of error. He argues that a common failure to appreciate the differences between ordinary decision-making under uncertainty and formal adjudication is responsible for confusion about the role of weight in the latter.

Regret in Decision Making

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 212-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Connolly ◽  
Marcel Zeelenberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Psychology And Economics ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Decision Research

Decision research has only recently started to take seriously the role of emotions in choices and decisions. Regret is the emotion that has received the most attention. In this article, we sample a number of the initial regret studies from psychology and economics, and trace some of the complexities and contradictions to which they led. We then sketch a new theory, decision justification theory (DJT), which synthesizes several apparently conflicting findings. DJT postulates two core components of decision–related regret, one associated with the (comparative) evaluation of the outcome, the other with the feeling of self–blame for having made a poor choice. We reinterpret several existing studies in DJT terms. We then report some new studies that directly tested (and support) DJT, and propose a number of research issues that follow from this new approach to regret.

Socio-Cognitive Model of Trust

2009 ◽  
pp. 2316-2323
Author(s):  
Rino Falcone ◽  
Cristiano Castelfranchi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Third ◽  
Interaction Traces ◽  
Cooperative Models ◽  
Support Decision Making

Humans have learned to cooperate in many ways and in many environments, on different tasks, and for achieving different and several goals. Collaboration and cooperation in their more general sense (and, in particular, negotiation, exchange, help, delegation, adoption, and so on) are important characteristics - or better, the most foundational aspects - of human societies (Tuomela, 1995). In the evolution of cooperative models, a fundamental role has been played by diverse constructs of various kinds (purely interactional, technical-legal, organizational, socio-cognitive, etc.), opportunely introduced (or spontaneously emerged) to support decision making in collaborative situations. The new scenarios we are destined to meet in the third millennium transfigure the old frame of reference, in that we have to consider new channels and infrastructures (i.e., the Internet), new artificial entities for cooperating with artificial or software agents, and new modalities of interaction (suggested/imposed by both the new channels and the new entities). In fact, it is changing the identification of the potential partners, the perception of the other agents, the space-temporal context in which interaction happen, the nature of the interaction traces, the kind and role of the authorities and guarantees, etc. For coping with these scenarios, it will be necessary to update the traditional supporting decision-making constructs. This effort will be necessary especially to develop the new cybersocieties in such a way as not to miss some of the important cooperative characteristics that are so relevant in human societies.

scholarly journals Influential Factors and the Realization Mechanism of Sustainable Information-Sharing in Virtual Communities from a Knowledge Fermenting Perspective

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402097400
Author(s):  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Yang Gao ◽  
Minghe Sun ◽  
Datian Bi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Virtual Community ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Communication Environment ◽  
Catalytic Role

Little is known about sustainable information-sharing in virtual communities, although it is increasingly recognized as a useful information-sharing tool. The aim of this study is to explore the influential factors and the realization mechanism of sustainable information-sharing in virtual communities. Starting from the similarity between biological fermentation and the information-sharing process in virtual communities, the present study creatively introduces the knowledge fermenting theory used in the analysis. Six factors influencing sustainable information-sharing in virtual communities are first identified based on this theory, which include sharing bodies, interactive topics, communication mechanism, supporting technology, communication environment, and platform scale. The relations among these six factors are then analyzed using the Decision-Making and Trial Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. The results indicate that the factor of sharing bodies has the strongest influence on other factors and the factor of interactive topics receives the most influences from the other factors. On this basis, the realization mechanism of sustainable information-sharing in virtual communities is elaborated from the following four aspects: the four stages of the information-sharing realization, the guide role of “strain,” the catalytic role of “enzyme,” and the effect of environment. The results indicate that sustainable information-sharing in virtual communities is a process of spiral evolution. Finally, recommendations are given to virtual community managers, users, and business firms.

Education about Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs—A Challenge to Our Schools

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seymour Eiseman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Education Program ◽  
Instructional Program ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drug Education ◽  
Curriculum Framework ◽  
Dynamic Programs

The author describes the most serious problem of drug abuse in the nation's schools. He attempts to describe the role of the school and its responsibility as a preventive agent or deterrent to youthful drug abuse. The epidemic proportions of drug abuse in our schools could be effectively diminished with the necessary ingredients for successful results. These ingredients should include such items as thought, inquiry, analysis, evaluation and decision-making. The writer further describes how health education classes with realistic and dynamic programs of instruction can also serve as effective deterrents to youthful drug abuse. He further describes a method in which the other disciplines that make up the instructional program of a school can reinforce the health and drug education program, thus building up a total educational thrust within the existing curriculum framework.

scholarly journals The Psychology of Risk Management

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëlle Vallée-Tourangeau ◽  
Frédéric Vallée-Tourangeau
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Investment Performance ◽  
Human Risk ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Shed Light

A better understanding of how human factors may shape risk perception and risk-taking is key to improve investment performance. This chapter draws on research on the psychology of risk and decision-making under uncertainty to shed light on these issues. The first part focuses on the evaluation of risk and uncertainty. After outlining the different psychological concepts of uncertainty, we review the different factors influencing individuals’ subjective perception of risk as well as the heuristics they may use to gauge risk and uncertainty. The second part of this chapter focuses on the different factors influencing human risk-taking behaviour, ranging from attitudes to risk to the contexts in which risky decisions take place, and the role of emotions in risk-taking.

Father as the primary guardian: based on a case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 603 (8) ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
Magorzata Sitarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Parental Attitudes ◽  
General Concept ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Care ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Parental Alienation ◽  
Guardianship Law

The study deals with the general concept of paternity. It analyses the functioning of men as primary parents from the legal, philosophical, psychological, and social perspective. The paper presents the personal and educational competences of fathers who have been authorised by court decisions to act as the primary parent. Given the diversity of legal, psychological and social circumstances of fathers who seek to act as direct carers for their children, the competences to play the role of a primary parent are analysed based on a case study. Based on an analysis of case studies, it has been demonstrated that not every case of direct care results in alienation of the other parent and, consequently, disruption of the bond with the child. The study emphasizes that parental alienation does not stem from faulty decision-making or enforcement of the guardianship law, but rather from incorrect parental attitudes, lack of good will, emotional and social immaturity, and insufficient parenting competences.

Role of the Hippocampus in Decision Making Under Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahaaeddin Attaallah ◽  
Pierre Petitet ◽  
Rhea Zambellas ◽  
Sarosh Irani ◽  
Sanjay G Manohar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty

Anton's Game: Deontological Decision Theory for an Iterated Decision Problem

Utilitas ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
SETH LAZAR
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Theory ◽  
Decision Problem ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Sunk Costs ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Moral Significance

How should deontologists approach decision-making under uncertainty, for an iterated decision problem? In this article I explore the shortcomings of a simple expected value approach, using a novel example to raise questions about attitudes to risk, the moral significance of tiny probabilities, the independent moral reasons against imposing risks, the morality of sunk costs, and the role of agent-relativity in iterated decision problems.

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