Socio-Cognitive Model of Trust

2009 ◽  
pp. 2316-2323
Author(s):  
Rino Falcone ◽  
Cristiano Castelfranchi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Third ◽  
Interaction Traces ◽  
Cooperative Models ◽  
Support Decision Making

Humans have learned to cooperate in many ways and in many environments, on different tasks, and for achieving different and several goals. Collaboration and cooperation in their more general sense (and, in particular, negotiation, exchange, help, delegation, adoption, and so on) are important characteristics - or better, the most foundational aspects - of human societies (Tuomela, 1995). In the evolution of cooperative models, a fundamental role has been played by diverse constructs of various kinds (purely interactional, technical-legal, organizational, socio-cognitive, etc.), opportunely introduced (or spontaneously emerged) to support decision making in collaborative situations. The new scenarios we are destined to meet in the third millennium transfigure the old frame of reference, in that we have to consider new channels and infrastructures (i.e., the Internet), new artificial entities for cooperating with artificial or software agents, and new modalities of interaction (suggested/imposed by both the new channels and the new entities). In fact, it is changing the identification of the potential partners, the perception of the other agents, the space-temporal context in which interaction happen, the nature of the interaction traces, the kind and role of the authorities and guarantees, etc. For coping with these scenarios, it will be necessary to update the traditional supporting decision-making constructs. This effort will be necessary especially to develop the new cybersocieties in such a way as not to miss some of the important cooperative characteristics that are so relevant in human societies.

Socio-Cognitive Model of Trust

2011 ◽  
pp. 3508-3512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rino Falcone ◽  
Cristiano Castelfranchi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Third ◽  
Interaction Traces ◽  
Cooperative Models ◽  
Support Decision Making

Humans have learned to cooperate in many ways and in many environments, on different tasks, and for achieving different and several goals. Collaboration and cooperation in their more general sense (and, in particular, negotiation, exchange, help, delegation, adoption, and so on) are important characteristics - or better, the most foundational aspects - of human societies (Tuomela, 1995). In the evolution of cooperative models, a fundamental role has been played by diverse constructs of various kinds (purely interactional, technical-legal, organizational, sociocognitive, etc.), opportunely introduced (or spontaneously emerged) to support decision making in collaborative situations. The new scenarios we are destined to meet in the third millennium transfigure the old frame of reference, in that we have to consider new channels and infrastructures (i.e., the Internet), new artificial entities for cooperating with artificial or software agents, and new modalities of interaction (suggested/imposed by both the new channels and the new entities). In fact, it is changing the identification of the potential partners, the perception of the other agents, the space-temporal context in which interaction happen, the nature of the interaction traces, the kind and role of the authorities and guarantees, etc. For coping with these scenarios, it will be necessary to update the traditional supporting decision-making constructs. This effort will be necessary especially to develop the new cyber-societies in such a way as not to miss some of the important cooperative characteristics that are so relevant in human societies.

scholarly journals Reviewing Stranger on the Internet: The Role of Identifiability through “Reputation” in Online Decision Making

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Mirko Duradoni ◽  
Stefania Collodi ◽  
Serena Coppolino Perfumi ◽  
Andrea Guazzini
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Web Technologies ◽  
Social Acts ◽  
Good Reputation ◽  
The Stranger

The stranger on the Internet effect has been studied in relation to self-disclosure. Nonetheless, quantitative evidence about how people mentally represent and perceive strangers online is still missing. Given the dynamic development of web technologies, quantifying how much strangers can be considered suitable for pro-social acts such as self-disclosure appears fundamental for a whole series of phenomena ranging from privacy protection to fake news spreading. Using a modified and online version of the Ultimatum Game (UG), we quantified the mental representation of the stranger on the Internet effect and tested if people modify their behaviors according to the interactors’ identifiability (i.e., reputation). A total of 444 adolescents took part in a 2 × 2 design experiment where reputation was set active or not for the two traditional UG tasks. We discovered that, when matched with strangers, people donate the same amount of money as if the other has a good reputation. Moreover, reputation significantly affected the donation size, the acceptance rate and the feedback decision making as well.

Role of pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides in the regulation of steroid production by human fetal adrenal cells in culture

1983 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Baird ◽  
K. W. Kan ◽  
Samuel Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Hormones ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate ◽  
Steroid Production ◽  
Adrenal Cells ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cells In Culture

Synthetic (1–39)ACTH, (1–24)ACTH, (18–39)ACTH, α-MSH, met-enkephalin and α-, βand γ-endorphin were tested for their ability to stimulate steroidogenesis by human fetal adrenal cells in culture. Adrenal cells were incubated with peptide hormones for two periods of 24 h. On the third day of the experiment the cells were incubated with progesterone (4 μg/2 ml) for 8 h. At the doses tested only (1–39)ACTH, (1–24)ACTH and α-MSH stimulated steroidogenesis. None of the other peptides had any corticotrophic effect on the formation of cortisol, corticosterone or dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS). At the highest doses tested, α-MSH (100 μg/2 ml) had a corticotrophic effect that was not different from that obtained with 20 ng (1–39)ACTH or (1–24)ACTH. At the lower doses (0·2–2 μg/2 ml), α-MSH stimulated the formation of DHAS (P<0·01) without stimulating the formation of cortisol.

Inspiratory elevation of the ribs in the dog: primary role of the parasternals [published errata appear in J Appl Physiol 1991 Aug;71(2):following Table of Contents and 1991 Dec;71(6):following Author Index]

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1447-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. De Troyer
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Axial Displacement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Intercostal Muscles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Fourth Rib

To assess the relative contributions of the different groups of inspiratory intercostal muscles to the cranial motion of the ribs in the dog, we have measured the axial displacement of the fourth rib and recorded the electromyograms of the parasternal intercostal, external intercostal, and levator costae in the third interspace in 15 anesthetized animals breathing at rest. In eight animals, the parasternal intercostals were denervated in interspaces 1-5. This procedure caused a marked increase in the amount of external intercostal and levator costae inspiratory activity, and yet the inspiratory cranial motion of the rib was reduced by 55%. On the other hand, the external intercostals in interspaces 1-5 were sectioned in seven animals, and the reduction in the cranial rib motion was only 22%; the amount of parasternal and levator costae activity, however, was unchanged. When the parasternals in these animals were subsequently denervated, the levator costae inspiratory activity increased markedly, but the inspiratory cranial motion of the rib was abolished or reversed into an inspiratory caudal motion. These studies thus confirm that, in the dog breathing at rest, the parasternal intercostals have a larger role than the external intercostals and levator costae in causing the cranial motion of the ribs during inspiration. A quantitative analysis suggests that the parasternal contribution is approximately 80%.

scholarly journals Association between spectator and other roles in school bullying

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Marcela Almeida Zequinão ◽  
Pâmella De Medeiros ◽  
Beatriz Pereira ◽  
Fernando Luiz Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seventh Grade ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
The Third ◽  
Aggressive Behaviours

Introduction: The school bullying is characterized by repetitiveness of aggression and the intentionality to injure or cause suffering to others. The bystanders to this phenomenon tend to be mainly responsible for the course that bullying will take and its results. Objective: To analyse the association between the role of bystander with the other possible roles played in bullying. Method: A total of 409 children from the third to seventh grade participated in this study, with an average age of 11 years (SD = 1.61), enrolled in two municipal public schools in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The instruments used were: one of the scales of the Questionnaire for the Study of Violence Among Peers, to identify bystanders, and the Olweus Questionnaire, to describe the possible roles played in school bullying. Results: It was found that most of the participants assumed the role of bystander in school bullying. However, an association was found with regard to gender and being a bystander. Also, strong association was found between being a bystander and the other roles played in bullying, primarily in relation to the bullies. Conclusion: These results reinforce the importance of bystanders in these aggressions, not only because they represent most of the participants, but mainly because of the positive or negative reinforcement they can offer in these aggressive behaviours. Therefore, the incentive and the encouragement of these students to denounce the aggressors, as well as defending the victims is essential to reduce school bullying.

Regret in Decision Making

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 212-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Connolly ◽  
Marcel Zeelenberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Psychology And Economics ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Decision Research

Decision research has only recently started to take seriously the role of emotions in choices and decisions. Regret is the emotion that has received the most attention. In this article, we sample a number of the initial regret studies from psychology and economics, and trace some of the complexities and contradictions to which they led. We then sketch a new theory, decision justification theory (DJT), which synthesizes several apparently conflicting findings. DJT postulates two core components of decision–related regret, one associated with the (comparative) evaluation of the outcome, the other with the feeling of self–blame for having made a poor choice. We reinterpret several existing studies in DJT terms. We then report some new studies that directly tested (and support) DJT, and propose a number of research issues that follow from this new approach to regret.

Welfare locale e decentramento amministrativo a Napoli: la ricerca come specchio del mutamento sociale

2009 ◽  
pp. 139-156
Author(s):  
Fabio Corbisiero ◽  
Elisabetta Perone
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
School Dropout ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

- The article summarizes the results of a research conducted on the social policies change in Naples, particularly in Scampěa and in North Area of the city. This change saws the active involvement of the third sector organizations in the process of implementation of policies. The survey pays special attention to the process of welfare networking developed in the Area, although this involved a deep reconsideration, on the part of researchers, about the risks of contamination of the research as subject get closer. The involvement of an Association, among those most active in the area, while allowed more direct understanding of decision making, on the other hand became a strong pressure. Mediation among the scientific aims and those expressed by the Association led to a deviation of the original research design.Key words: social policies, suburbs, poverty, school dropout, voluntary, welfare

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jan Terje Faarlund
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Original Research ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Descriptive Framework ◽  
Germanic Languages

The chapter has three parts. The first part is an introduction to the Mainland Scandinavian languages, with a brief sketch of their history, their relationship to the other Scandinavian languages, and their position among the North Germanic languages. Mainland Scandinavian is treated as one language, since it consists of a continuum of mutually intelligible dialects across Scandinavia. The second part is a presentation of the sources and the origin of the examples used in the book. They are taken from various sources, reference grammars, research literature, the internet, text corpora, and original research. The third part is a presentation of the theoretical background and the descriptive framework, which is generative grammar in its current version, known as ‘minimalism’.

From Management 1.0 to Management 3.0 and Beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-52
Author(s):  
Eduardo Espinheira ◽  
Fernando Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Traditional Management ◽  
The Third ◽  
Management Models ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
A Priority

Traditional management models reveal issues with the introduction of unnecessary hierarchies, slow decision making, among other obstacles, which left a large number of workers out of the process of seeking efficiency and growth. In this sense, the third generation of management models focused on agility and collaboration emerged. Instead of focusing on hierarchies and functions, there is a priority on the way people behave and relate. In this sense, this study aims to analyze this phenomenon and to understand the various dimensions of Management 3.0. Furthermore, it intends to explore and understand the practices and challenges that are posed in its business implementation, focusing on the role of people and information and communication technologies.

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