The emergence of international parliamentary institutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-72
Author(s):  
Frank Schimmelfennig ◽  
Thomas Winzen ◽  
Tobias Lenz ◽  
Jofre Rocabert ◽  
Loriana Crasnic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Correlations

In this chapter, we provide statistical analyses of the establishment and empowerment of international parliamentary institutions (IPIs) in seventy-three relevant international organizations. We analyse whether IPI establishment was systematically associated with the conditions of parliamentarization and find robust and strong positive associations for general purpose and policy scope and robust but somewhat weaker positive correlations for diffusion. By contrast, neither authority nor democracy are systematically associated with the existence of IPIs. Governance failure is either insignificant or has a negative effect on IPI creation. Finally, we explore the correlation of the conditions of parliamentarization with IPI power and find a robust association of IPI authority with IPI legislative competencies.

The Auditory Skills Necessary for Echolocation: A New Explanation

1996 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Carlson–Smith ◽  
W.R. Wiener
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Blind Persons ◽  
Auditory Skills ◽  
Audiometric Test

The study presented here explored theories that account for echolocation and established an audiometric test battery for blind persons that is designed to predict success in echolocation. Statistical analyses revealed significant positive correlations between particular auditory measures and echolocation performance. No relationships were found between high-frequency hearing sensitivity and echolocation performance.

scholarly journals Gas Embolism Assessment in Sea Turtles: Predictors of Mortality for the Deadliest Pathology related to Trawling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Franchini ◽  
Carmela Valastro ◽  
Stefano Ciccarelli ◽  
Paolo Trerotoli ◽  
Serena Paci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Organ Injury ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Gas Embolism ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Predictors Of Mortality ◽  
Bycatch Reduction ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract Sea turtles that are entrapped in static and towed nets may develop gas embolism which can lead to severe organ injury and death. Physical and physiologic factors associated with gas-embolism and predictors of mortality were analysed from 482 bycaught loggerheads. We found 204 turtles affected by gas-embolism and significant positive correlations between the presence of gas-embolism and duration, depth of trawl and turtle size and temperature and between mortality and neurological deficits, significant acidosis and involvement of > 12 cardiovascular sites and the left atrium and sinus venosus-right atrium. 164 turtles were released to the sea. Results of this study may be useful in clinical evaluation, prognostication, and treatment for turtles affected by gas-embolism, but bycatch reduction must become a priority for major international organizations.

Noise exposure and its impact on psychological health of agricultural tractor operators

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 500-506
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yamin ◽  
Zohaib Yousaf ◽  
Khalid Mahmood Bhatt ◽  
Muhammad Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
High Noise ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Agricultural Tractor

Constant exposure of noise to the auditory system of the agricultural tractor opera- tor can cause physical and psychological problems. A field study was conducted in the Faisalabad and Narowal districts of Pakistan to examine the spread of tractor noise and its psychological effects on the safety of tractor operators driving tractors without cabins and other noise reduction measures. Four of the most common imple- ments used in Pakistan, including land scraper, cultivator, disk harrow and seed drill, were used to detect the changes in tractor noise at two speeds of 5.3 km/h and 10.6 km/h in all four directions. Lowest noise was produced during the field operation of the seed drill at a mean noise value of 81.9 dB(A) among all four implements. Disk harrow and cultivator were found to be the most noisy implement, and during oper- ation, the tractor operator was directly exposed to high noise levels of 86.9 dB(A) and 84.9 dB(A), respectively. This noise pollution caused psychological problems in agri- cultural tractor operators, as demonstrated by the highly positive correlations of de- pression, aggression, anxiety and stress. This trend had a negative effect on their social interactions relative to the comparable population of office employees. In or- der to mitigate the adverse health effects, tractor operators must be equipped with sound proof cabins or at least ear plugs because of direct exposure to high noise levels. Furthermore, a safe distance of 48 m or at least a warning distance of 26 m from the tractor must be maintained by farm workers.

scholarly journals The Role of Morphosyntactic Awareness in Conventional Lexical Segmentation

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (55) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Regina Kirchner Guimaraes
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Word Use ◽  
Writing Acquisition ◽  
Lexical Segmentation ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
And Performance

Starting with the alphabetic stage of writing acquisition, the learner struggles with issues related to spelling, including the segmentation of writing in graphic words. This study examined the conventional segmentation of words and its relation to morphosyntactic awareness in a sample of students in the 4th and 5th years of elementary education in public schools. Results reveal a discrepancy between the oral identification of words and performance in the segmentation of writing, with three criteria being used by students to define “word”: (1st) full meaning; (2nd) sequence of letters, not only one or two; (3rd) frequency of word use. Statistical analyses revealed significant positive correlations between conventional segmentation and morphosyntactic awareness. It is inferred that morphosyntactic skills support the establishment of the conventional notion of the word, and it is suggested that teachers promote the development of these skills, in order to ensure a greater command of the written language.

The Choice between Intergovernmentalism and Nongovernmentalism: Projecting Domestic Preferences to Global Governance

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Grigorescu ◽  
Çağlayan Başer
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Domestic Institutions

AbstractThis article seeks to explain when governments are more likely to take an intergovernmental approach to resolving global collective problems rather than step back and encourage (or simply allow) nongovernmental actors to become the main global governors. The authors suggest that an important factor driving this choice is the domestic ideological leanings of powerful states toward greater or lesser government activism. Such ideologies connect domestic preferences to international ones. They also lead to the establishment of domestic institutions that, in turn, facilitate the emergence of international organizations. Using these arguments, the authors develop a set of inferences regarding the likelihood that governments will establish and join intergovernmental organizations. The authors test their hypotheses through a study of global governance in the education realm, and also apply a series of statistical analyses covering developments in all issue-areas over the last century and a half.

scholarly journals Shaming by international organizations: Mapping condemnatory speech acts across 27 international organizations, 1980–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Squatrito ◽  
Magnus Lundgren ◽  
Thomas Sommerer
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Face

In the face of escalating conflicts or atrocities, international organizations (IOs), alongside non-governmental organizations (NGOs), often vocalize public condemnation. Researchers have examined NGO shaming, but no extant literature has comparatively explored if, how and why IOs shame. This article fills this gap. We conceptualize IO shaming as condemnatory speech acts and distinguish between the agent, targets and actions of shaming. We theorize how compliance and socialization are motives that lead IOs to shame. Empirically, we use new data on more than 3000 instances of IO shaming, covering 27 organizations between 1980 and 2015 to examine empirical patterns across the three dimensions of agents, targets and actions. We find that the majority of IOs do employ shaming but to varying degrees. Global, general-purpose IOs shame the most and regional, task-specific IOs the least. IOs mainly shame states, but there is a rise in the targeting of non-state and unnamed actors. While many condemned acts relate to human rights and security issues, IOs shame actions across the policy spectrum. These findings indicate that IO shaming is driven by compliance and socialization motives and that it is a wider phenomenon than previously recognized, suggesting possible avenues for further inquiry.

scholarly journals Metal‐rich soils increase tropical tree stoichiometric distinctiveness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam A. Trethowan ◽  
Benjamin Blonder ◽  
Endang Kintamani ◽  
Deden Girmansyah ◽  
Timothy M. A. Utteridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
Ultramafic Soils ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Extreme Phenotypes ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Leaf Stoichiometry ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Stressful Environments ◽  
Soil Metal

Abstract Background and aims Ultramafic soils have high metal concentrations, offering a key opportunity to understand if such metals are strong predictors of leaf stoichiometry. This is particularly relevant for tropical forests where large knowledge gaps exist. Methods On the tropical island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, we sampled forests on sand, limestone, mafic and ultramafic soils that present a range of soil metal concentrations. We asked how variation in 12 soil elements (metals and macronutrients) influenced leaf stoichiometry and whether stoichiometric distinctiveness (the average difference between a species and all others in a multivariate space, the axes of which are the concentrations of each leaf element) is influenced by increasing soil metal concentrations. Results Positive correlations between corresponding elements in soils and leaves were only found for Ca and P. Noticeably, soil Cr had a negative effect upon leaf P. Whilst most species had low stoichiometric distinctiveness, some species had greater distinctiveness on stressful metal-rich ultramafic soils, generally caused by the accumulation of Al, Co, Cr or Ni. Conclusions Our observation of increased stoichiometric distinctiveness in tropical forests on ultramafic soils indicates greater niche differentiation, and contrasts with the assumption that stressful environments remove species with extreme phenotypes.

scholarly journals Impact of the Salinity Gradient on the Mollusc Fauna in Flooded Mine Subsidences (Karvina, Czech Republic)

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Kašovská ◽  
Łukasz Pierzchała ◽  
Edyta Sierka ◽  
Barbara Stalmachová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Aquatic Biota ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Mollusc Species ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in flooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mg·l-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fieldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential. The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mg·l-1. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identified as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota. The analysis showed statistically significant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity significantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.

Comparative case study analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 256-268
Author(s):  
Frank Schimmelfennig ◽  
Thomas Winzen ◽  
Tobias Lenz ◽  
Jofre Rocabert ◽  
Loriana Crasnic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Case Study Analysis ◽  
International Diffusion ◽  
Task Specificity ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

This chapter presents the results of a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of the case studies on the establishment and empowerment of international parliamentary institutions by international organizations. The analysis looks for patterns in the necessary and sufficient conditions of international parliamentarization as well as for distinct and diverse configurations of conditions favouring, generating, and preventing international parliamentarization. The QCA suggests that there are two contexts of and pathways to IPI creation—one starting from general-purpose and high-authority international organizations (IOs), the other one driven by international diffusion of IO parliamentarization. At the same time, we find that the task-specificity of IOs is the major obstacle to IPI creation.

scholarly journals Utility of some floral characters in the assessment of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Musibau Adewuyi Azeez ◽  
Modupe Bimpe Olowookere ◽  
David Adedayo Animasaun ◽  
Bashir Omolaran Bello
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Group A ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Floral Characters ◽  
Number Of Seeds

<p>Sesame collections were evaluated for quantitative floral characters and data obtained were subjected to various statistical analyses. Result showed narrow diversity in most of the quantitative floral characters with moderate variability in length of flower (2.03-3.27 cm), length of style (1.10-1.40 cm), length of capsule (2.33-2.98 cm) and number of seeds per capsule (38.67 – 57.67). Correlation study revealed significantly (<em>p &lt; 0.01</em>) positive correlations for length of ovary versus length of flower (r= 0.70) and length of capsule versus length of style (r= 0.77). The first two principal components accounted for 61.59 % of which the first component had 34.13 % and the second was 27.46 %. Dendrogram divided the seventeen accessions/landraces into two major groups (A and B). Group A had only one cluster with five members whilegroup B had three clusters (Cluster II, III and IV) with seven, three and two members respectively. Each accession within a cluster could be employed as baseline parent in crossbreeding for improvement of yield in Nigerian sesame.</p>

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