scholarly journals Understanding Long-Term Change in Rural Tanzania

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Dan Brockington ◽  
Christine Noe

This chapter introduces the book as a whole. It explains the subject of interest—change in assets in rural areas. It also explains the methods used to examine them: longitudinal studies—revisits to previously surveyed villages and domestic units. It also outlines the argument. This is that contra to critics of smallholder farmers who decry their lack of activity and critics of neoliberal economic policies for the poverty they cause, the authors have found, surprisingly, that there is more wealth, in terms of assets than they were expecting to find. The chapter explains how the authors selected their study sites and presents brief summaries of each case and the chapters to come.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panos Loukos ◽  
Leslie Arathoon

Agriculture is an important source of employment in Latin America and the Caribbean. In rural areas, some 54.6 per cent of the labour force is engaged in agricultural production. Although much of the region shares the same language and cultural heritage, the structure and scale of the agriculture sector varies significantly from country to country. Based on the review of 131 digital agriculture tools, this report, prepared by GSMA and IDB Lab, provides a market mapping and landscape analysis of the most prominent cases of digital disruption. It highlights some of the major trends observed in five digital agriculture use cases, identifies opportunities for digital interventions and concludes with recommendations for future engagement that could deliver long-term, sustainable economic and social benefits for smallholder farmers.


Significance The pandemic's impacts are unevenly distributed and mediated by factors such as drug type, business model, supply, manufacture and distribution chains, and intensity of restrictions on movement. While some aspects of the market will quickly revert to how they were before the pandemic, others look likely to face longer-term change. Impacts The pandemic will change manufacturing, trafficking, selling and buying trends long-term, requiring a rethink of interdiction strategies. US pressure on Colombia to eradicate coca risks encouraging forceful strategies that drive anti-state feeling and violence in rural areas. US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan will reduce scrutiny of opium growing and heroin production and export.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Maisuradze ◽  
Tamar Khardziani ◽  
Tea Eradze

Abstract A change in livelihood and folk architecture is an indicator of cultural landscape transformation, which is often the result of changes occurring in the natural and socio-political realms. The diversity of architectural types of buildings as an element of landscape diversity distinguishes our research region. The presented study deals with a long-term change of housing and architectural types of settlements. Our goal was to identify, geolocalise, and classify the vernacular architecture of Samtskhe-Javakheti within the different types of natural landscapes. For this purpose, we used the HGIS (Historical Geoinformation System) approach, which comprises the application of both historic sources and GIS technologies. We identified seven types of buildings in the study area, the characteristics of which depended on the natural landscape features. The following factors had been determining the geography of the construction: geology, seismicity, terrain, climate, access to building materials and defence. Dominant architectural types of buildings in the study region were as follows: fortress Rabat with stone houses, stone houses, semi-underground houses mixed with stone houses, semi-underground houses, terraced semi-underground houses, cave dwellings and wooden log houses. In modern times, it is quite rare to come across these kinds of architectural buildings, and there is a tendency of their disappearance.


1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (2_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S405-S418 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Mitchison

ABSTRACT Long term problems associated with future immunological methods of fertility control include the following: (1) reversibility, (2) unscrupulous use, (3) unphysiological intervention giving rise, among other possibilities, to carcinogenesis, (4) deleterious genetical selection operating on antigens, and (5) deleterious genetical selection operating on the immune response. The first three of these constitute a hazard to individuals, and the last two to populations. None is considered to constitute a threat so serious as to inhibit further research on the subject. We should keep under review future developments in relevant areas of immunology, including particularly cell-cell cooperation as a mechanism in autoimmunity, and immune response genes as the objects of immunoselection. It will be important also to come to terms with the social, political, and economic consequences of any cheap, widely-applicable form of birth control, such as might develop from immunological research. The possibility is raised of wide-spread immunisation against a synthetic immunological determinant, as an aid to fertility control. Another possibility is to make women grandchildless.


Author(s):  
Pierre Briant

This article argues that the centrality of Alexander the Great to the study of imperialism and cultural transfer can scarcely be in doubt. Indeed, the subject of Alexander is so heavily studied that people might well demand a justification for any new discussions of the Macedonian conqueror. Historiography proves to be one element in the scholarship that has been relatively neglected, a situation which is exemplified by the lack of any systematic account of Alexander studies from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. A long-term view of the historiography would show that Droysen's picture of Alexander was less original than previously believed, and that it was prefigured in some significant respects by Montesquieu. The discussion also argues that progress in the field is likely to come when historians better account for the Achaemenid and Near Eastern milieux in which Alexander flourished and ruled.


2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Wigier

The development processes taking place in agriculture and rural areas have a causal relationship with time and the socio-economic space to which they belong. The subject of this discussion is an attempt to systematize some achievements of science relating to the above mentioned areas through the prism of the theory of location of economic activity in agriculture, welfare economics and neoclassical models of growth and conver-gence, and models of agricultural development worldwide, with an indication of the rela-tionship between the industrial agriculture, space and sustainable development. It is also an attempt to present the relationship: the farming - the rural areas - the environment, in the context of an active agricultural policy and spatial policy. 


Author(s):  
Gloria Lara Millán ◽  
Práxedes Muñoz Sánchez

En este artículo se analizan algunas de las dificultades que en la práctica de  investigación se han identificado en dos espacios rurales en los estados de Oaxaca y Tabasco en México, y se exponen los múltiples desafíos que el investigador debe afrontar, especialmente en relación con los conceptos de colaboración e intervención durante el trabajo que realiza. Si bien este se basa en tareas específicas de indagación y colaboración, suele haber acciones de desarrollo ajenas al entorno comunitario, que incluso no son clara o conscientemente percibidas por los actores protagonistas. Es así que el objetivo de esta presentación es reflexionar sobre la práctica investigativa colaborativa, exponiendo los aciertos y desaciertos del proceso. El concepto de intervención social se asocia con el de investigación colaborativa, en tanto que ambos pretenden poner en el centro de la participación a los sujetos, sin embargo es necesario delimitar las implicaciones de cada uno de estos conceptos en los casos estudiados. En este texto se describen aspectos teóricos y metodológicos acerca de la intervención social y la investigación colaborativa con enfoque en derechos humanos, y se reflexiona en torno al proceso de acompañamiento y las decisiones que se adoptan durante la investigación, así como acerca de la experiencia del diálogo con los colectivos con los que se colabora para construir conocimiento.This work analyzes some difficulties found in the practice of collaborative research in rural areas in Mexico, each with its historical peculiarities and passed through the application of public policies or economic policies. The researcher's activist participation has multiple advantages in that it applies development concepts outside the community environment that are sometimes not reflected by the protagonist actors. The objective of the text is to reflect on the collaborative research practice, exposing the successes and failures of the process and the challenges to overcome. As part of the research experience, the concept of social intervention is discussed, which is associated with collaborative research, in the center of participation is understood by the subjects. In this text are described the concepts and methodological aspects raised by the specialists in the subject of social intervention, then associate it with collaborative research with a human rights approach. The two collaborative research experiences focussed are described, and we reflect on the accompaniment process and the reflections on the decisions regarding the objectives, methodology and results, as well as the experience of the dialogue with the collectives with the collaboration for knowledge.


2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rodway ◽  
Karen Gillies ◽  
Astrid Schepman

This study examined whether individual differences in the vividness of visual imagery influenced performance on a novel long-term change detection task. Participants were presented with a sequence of pictures, with each picture and its title displayed for 17  s, and then presented with changed or unchanged versions of those pictures and asked to detect whether the picture had been changed. Cuing the retrieval of the picture's image, by presenting the picture's title before the arrival of the changed picture, facilitated change detection accuracy. This suggests that the retrieval of the picture's representation immunizes it against overwriting by the arrival of the changed picture. The high and low vividness participants did not differ in overall levels of change detection accuracy. However, in replication of Gur and Hilgard (1975) , high vividness participants were significantly more accurate at detecting salient changes to pictures compared to low vividness participants. The results suggest that vivid images are not characterised by a high level of detail and that vivid imagery enhances memory for the salient aspects of a scene but not all of the details of a scene. Possible causes of this difference, and how they may lead to an understanding of individual differences in change detection, are considered.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayue Jiao

 Economic vitality is an important indicator of regional competitiveness. The demand for talents and the vitality of enterprises in different regions are obvious to all and have practical significance. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a survey data model and conduct in-depth study on improving regional economic vitality from the perspective of policy.Based on a variety of forecasting methods, this paper analyzes the short-term and long-term impact of economic policies in Northeast China, and finally puts forward the factors that affect the economic vitality of northeast policies. Finally, the paper puts forward the feasibility and targeted suggestions of strengthening regional economic vitality, obtaining long-term development and building a more competitive city in the new era. 


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