Early History of Archaeology Graphs

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-101
Author(s):  
R. Lee Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Line Graphs ◽  
History Of Archaeology ◽  
Franz Boas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Historian

The earliest archaeological spindle graph was published in 1883 by natural historian and avocational archaeologist Charles C. Abbott. Evidence that he obtained the idea from paleontology, which first published spindle graphs in the 1830s and 1840s, is circumstantial at best, and differences in graph styles weigh against such borrowing. Several spindle graphs published in the 1890s and early 1900s by archaeologist William Henry Holmes either depict his views on inevitable progressive evolution—a theory rapidly falling from anthropological favor—or were so speculative as to likely have had little influence on the discipline. During the first couple decades of the twentieth century, physicist/geographer/anthropologist Franz Boas (often referred to as the father of anthropology) published numerous line graphs of quantitative data. He influenced archaeologists Leslie Spier and Manual Gamio who used line graphs to display temporally varying frequencies of artifacts. About the same time, the wife and husband team of Madeleine Kidder and Alfred V. Kidder published several line graphs of relative frequencies of pottery types against stratigraphic provenience, seemingly largely as a result of Madeleine’s influence because Alfred never again published such a graph and instead favored phyletic seriation graphs of a type reminiscent of Sir William Flinders Petrie’s sequence dating graphs from the turn of the century.

Divine Patterns: Louis Agassiz and American Men of Letters. Some Preliminary Explorations

1976 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-381
Author(s):  
Ian F. A. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
History Of Biology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Historian ◽  
Louis Agassiz ◽  
Asa Gray ◽  
The Way

To arrive at Pound's Canto XXIII from Poe's ‘ Sonnet to Science ’ is a problematic task for more and less obvious reasons. Part of the way in which we may make the approach is through the resonances of certain figures prominent in the history of ideas; in particular to Louis Agassiz, the Swiss-born geologist and natural historian who was a central personality in Cambridge circles from his arrival in America in 1846 until his death in 1873. Apart from Edward Lurie's excellent biography, Louis Agassiz, A Life in Science (Chicago, 1960), the twentieth century bears only scattered reference to him, whereas the latter half of the nineteenth century celebrated his work enthusiastically and prolifically. Part of the reason for his diminished presence after the turn of the century lies undoubtedly in his position outside the mainstream of contemporary biological thinking, particularly as a result of his quarrel with Asa Gray during the 1850s; Agassiz was the only scientist of influential standing to oppose himself to the doctrine of Evolution. Consequently, he occupies a far less prominent place in the history of biology than he did in his own era.

On History in Southwest Archaeology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Severin Fowles ◽  
Barbara Mills
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Southwest Archaeology ◽  
American Military ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Historical Turn ◽  
History Of

As an introduction to the Handbook, this chapter examines the question of history in Southwest archaeology in two senses. First, it traces the intellectual history of research in the region: from the nineteenth-century inauguration of Southwest archaeology as an extension of American military conquest, to the museum-oriented expeditions of the turn of the century, to the scientific advances and the growth of culture resource management during the twentieth century, to the impacts of Indigenous critiques and the development of collaborative approaches most recently. Second, the chapter explores the shifting status of “history” as a central goal of archaeological practice. How have archaeologists constructed—or resisted—narratives to account for the contingent unfolding of Indigenous and colonial societies in the region? What bodies of method and theory have guided these efforts? In addressing these questions, the chapter marks and participates in a growing historical turn in Southwest archaeology.

The Origins of the Benin Kingship in the Works of Jacob Egharevba

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 141-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Eisenhofer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Early History ◽  
Short History ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

The kingdom of Benin has the reputation of being one of the most important examples for a king-oriented state-formation in sub-Saharian Africa. In the past few decades much research has appeared on the early history of this kingdom, the origin of its kingship, and the time of the early Ogiso kings, who are considered by many historians as the autochthonous founders of Benin kingship around 900. These Ogiso rulers are assumed to have been replaced between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries by kings of the later Oba dynasty, which supposedly descends from the Yoruba town of Ife and which continues in office at the present.The abundance of literature on the early history of the Benin kingdom often hides the fact that, apart from sporadic—and for the most part isolated—reports from travelers, a few archeological accounts, and some vaguely dated objects from Benin, the reconstruction of the early history of Benin is based almost exclusively on the data of the Bini local historian Jacob Egharevba, who published prolifically on Benin history and culture from 1930 to 1970. The most famous of his works is the Short History of Benin—a small publication, where the author deals with the history of the kingdom from its origins until the twentieth century.

The Early History of Palaeontology in Western Australia: 1791-1899

1986 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Mcnamara ◽  
Frances Dodds
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
The State ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Geological Society ◽  
Australian Museum ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Geological Map

The exploration of the coast of Western Australia by English and French explorers in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries led to the first recorded discoveries of fossiliferous rocks in Western Australia. The first forty years of exploration and discovery of fossil sites in the State was restricted entirely to the coast of the Continent. Following the establishment of permanent settlements in the 1820s the first of the inland fossil localities were located in the 1830s, north of Albany, and north of Perth. As new land was surveyed; particularly north of Perth, principally by the Gregory brothers in the 1840s and 1850s, Palaeozoic rocks were discovered in the Perth and Carnarvon Basins. F.T. Gregory in particular developed a keen interest in the geology of the State to such an extent that he was able, at a meeting of the Geological Society of London in 1861, to present not only a geological map of part of the State, but also a suite of fossils which showed the existence of Permian and Hesozoic strata. The entire history of nineteenth century palaeontology in Western Australia was one of discovery and collection of specimens. These were studied initially by overseas naturalists, but latterly, in the 1890s by Etheridge at The Australian Museum in Sydney. Sufficient specimens had been collected and described by the turn of the century that the basic outline of the Phanerozoic geology of the sedimentary basins was reasonably well known.

A Shabby Meanness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Early History ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Legal Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Civil War Era ◽  
The Way

Chapter One introduces the early history of taxpayer civil rights litigation against segregated and unequal education from the post-Civil War era until the turn of the twentieth century. In these 19th century cases and opinions, there was a continual assertion of a legal identity as taxpayers by families of color, and this chapter traces the way taxpayer citizenship became linked to the idea of a right to education in these families' arguments and claims, and even occasionally in the judges' opinions. Nonetheless, even the victories in many of these segregation cases were in name only, as plaintiffs of color continued to struggle without adequate remedy after courts granted a superficial nod to their taxpayer claims.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
R. Lee Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North American ◽  
Culture Change ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Line Graphs ◽  
Visual Thinking ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Analytical Tools

Graphs of quantitative data are analytical tools that facilitate visual thinking. In many disciplines, the use of graphs was preceded by tables summarizing quantitative data. Graphs known by North American archaeologists as “battleship curves” are temporal frequency distributions of relative abundances of specimens in each of several artifact types. They are unimodal frequency distributions known as spindle graphs. In the early 1950s, it was suggested that the idea of spindle graphs was borrowed by archaeologists from paleontology. Archaeologists occasionally used bar graphs and line graphs to diagram change in artifact inventories in the early twentieth century. The questions addressed in this volume are: (i) did North American archaeologists borrow the idea of spindle graphs from paleontology, and (ii) what was the frequency of use by North American archaeologists of each of the various graph types to diagram culture change during the early and middle twentieth century?

A Brief History of the International Test Commission

2016 ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Thomas Oakland
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Test Development ◽  
Test Construction ◽  
Early History ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Ethics Code ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inkblot Test ◽  
Test Use

Chapter 3 highlights the history of test development and test use and the development of the International Test Commission (ITC). The chapter addresses the early history of psychological assessment and the emergence of the discipline of psychology in the first half of the twentieth century. With the emergence and widespread use of the Stanford-Binet and Rorschach Inkblot Test, Jean Cardinet envisioned an international test commission that would develop an ethics code, standards for test construction and evaluation, and create a journal to promote an exchange of information. Now the ITC’s primary goal is to assist in the exchange of information on test development and test use among its members and affiliate organizations, as well as with non-member societies, organizations, and individuals who desire to improve test-related practices. The ITC continues to engage in formulation of policies and best practices related to test development and test use.

Early Dalit Literature and Culture in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Constable
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Early History ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Western India ◽  
Cultural Struggle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Separate Identity

The formation of the Dalit Panthers and the flourishing of Dalit literature in the 1970s saw the advent of a new connotation for the Marathi word ‘Dalit’. Chosen by the Mahar community leaders themselves, the title ‘Dalit’ was used by them to replace the titles of untouchable, Backward or Depressed Classes and Harijans, which had been coined by those outside the Dalit communities to describe the Mahar and Chambhar jatis. ‘Dalit’ identified those whose culture had been deliberately ‘broken’, ‘crushed to pieces’ or ‘ground down’ by the varna Hindu culture above them. As such, it contained an explicit repudiation of all the Hindu cultural norms of untouchability, varna structure and karma doctrine which varna Hindu society had imposed. The adoption of this new title was an affirmation of the Dalit community's struggle for cultural independence and separate identity. Yet this struggle for an independent cultural identity was not merely a cultural struggle of the 1970s, but one which stretched back almost a century to what, retrospectively, must be seen as the inception of Dalit literature and culture in the activities of the Anarya Dosh Pariharak Mandal and the first Dalit writings of Gopal Baba Valangkar in 1888. This article aims to recover this much-neglected early history of the Dalit communities of western India at the turn of the twentieth century. In particular, it examines how these early Dalit communities came to articulate an emergent Dalit cultural identity through the construction of a syncretic form of bhakti Hindu culture.

scholarly journals Bourgeois Mentality and Socialist Ideology as Exemplified by Clara Zetkin's Constructs of Femininity

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Unludag
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Executive Committee ◽  
Women's Movement ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
Socialist Society ◽  
Social Democrat ◽  
Societal Context ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Clara Zetkin (1857–1933) remains one of the most famous figures in the history of the German and international Left. She rose to prominence as a social democrat beginning in 1890 and became a Marxist and, as of 1919, a member of the high-ranking cadre of the KPD; she was an activist of the Second International, starting in 1889, and belonged to the Executive Committee of the Communist International (EKKI) in the 1920s. She is known in history primarily as the leader and chief ideologue of the socialist, and later the international communist, women's movement, but is also a popular figure in the leftist women's movement of the twentieth century. Zetkin, the founder of International Women's Day, is still widely depicted as a heroine. However, in light of recent research conducted in Berlin and Moscow and from the perspective of the history of mentalities, the tendency to mythologize her needs to be questioned. This essay on Clara Zetkin's constructs of femininity is part of a biography oriented toward a history of mentalities, in which the socialist and communist Zetkin is presented in the entire societal context of her times, perceived as a contemporary of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. From this perspective, it is precisely Zetkin's comments on the women's issue that mirror the influences of Social Darwinism and biological discussion at the turn of the century in Germany. The ideas held by the leader and theoretician of the international socialist women's movement on the “liberation of women” from “gender slavery” and “class bondage” were not aimed at pursuing an autonomous process of emancipating women for their own sake, but at pursuing a well-structured and directed process of educating them that would end up turning them into a new physically and mentally improved “consummate woman” who would efficiently serve the socialist society.

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