Connectors as emotive signs

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-137
Author(s):  
Patrizia Noel Aziz Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Final Position ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
The Status ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Final Particles

This chapter is a contribution to exploring the interrelations between syntactic position, semiotic status, and pragmatic function. Ways of identifying the kind of expressivity encoded by sentence-final connectors and related phenomena like the ‘et ceteras’ are discussed, focusing on German triple und ‘and so on’ from a cross-linguistic perspective. Expressivity is effected by an interplay of factors: the innovative sentence-final placement of a connector, the status of the sentence-final connector as emotive sign (Marty 1908), and its function as a general extender. This interplay leads to rigid ‘packages’ which surface in lexical entries like triple und and multiple et cetera. It is argued that und und und, like other sentence-final particles, belongs to the class of Wackernagel elements, which recently have emerged in sentence-final position. Triple und is linked to the on-going discussion of the functions of the left and right sentence peripheries.

Stopgap subordinators and and but: A non-canonical structure emergent from interactional needs and typological requirements

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-285
Author(s):  
Mitsuko Narita Izutsu ◽  
Katsunobu Izutsu
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Present Article ◽  
American English ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Canonical Structure ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Final Particles

AbstractThe present article examines the usage of coordinators as subordinating devices. An investigation of a corpus of spoken American English reveals that and and but can occupy clause-final position and be used for marking syntactic and functional asymmetries. It has been pointed out that such final coordinators arise as a result of interactional contingencies (Barth-Weingarten 2014, Dialogism and the emergence of final particles: The case of and. In Susanne Günthner, Wolfgang Imo & Jörg Bücker (eds.), Grammar and dialogism, 335–366. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter). However, a cross-linguistic observation suggests that not all coordinators can be used as clause-final elements. Our research demonstrates that the emergence of clause-final and and but does not only come from interactional needs but also presupposes typological requirements. Head-initial (VO) languages like English, where adverbial clauses are marked by clause-initial subordinators, are subject to three competing motivations for the ordering of main and adverbial clauses (Diessel 2005, Competing motivations for the ordering of main and adverbial clauses. Linguistics 43(3). 449–470). Our study contends that clause-final coordinators serve as stopgap subordinators, which help to resolve such competition between the three motivating forces.

The Pragmatic Function Analysis of Chinese-Utterance Final Particles

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 99-111
Author(s):  
Gong, Ying-Ru ◽  
◽  
Wui, Soo-Kwang
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
Final Particles

scholarly journals Encoding the plural-honorific suffix -ani and the imperfective anga in Malawian CiTonga (N.15)

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-369
Author(s):  
Winfred Mkochi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Status

Many Bantu languages have the plural-honorific suffix *-Vni and the imperfective morpheme *-a(n)g-. In most of these languages, *-Vni is reported to be clearly encoded at POST-FINAL position. On the other hand, *-a(n)g- is said to be ambiguously encoded, either at EXT (extension) in one language or FV (final vowel) in another language. Still in others it coexists at both EXT and FV; there has also been a suggestion that it is encoded at POST-FINAL in several others. This article argues that the status of both the plural-honorific suffix -ani (*-Vni) and the imperfective -anga (*-a(n)g)- in CiTonga is fluid, it prevaricates between EXTENSION (suffix), FV (the commonest), and POST-FINAL (clitic). Although these formatives can be encoded at these positions, they are shown to be functionally different from extensions, inflectional vowel suffixes and clitics

scholarly journals German participle II constructions as adjuncts

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 309-321
Author(s):  
Ilse Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Relative Pronoun ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Propositional Operator ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Interpretative Flexibility

The present investigation is concerned with German participles II (past participles) as lexical heads of adjuncts. Within a minimalist framework of sound-meaning correlation, the analysis presupposes a lexicalist conception of morphology and the differentiation of Semantic Form and Conceptual Structure. It is argued that participles II have the same argument structure as the underlying verbs and can undergo passivization, perfectivization and conversion to adjectives. As for the potential of participles to function as modifiers, it is shown that attributive and adverbial participle constructions involve further operations of conversion. Participle constructions are considered as reduced sentences. They do not have a syntactic position for the subject, for an operator (comparable to the relative pronoun in relative clauses) or for an adverbial relator (as in adverbial clauses). The pertinent components are present only in the semantic structure. Two templates serve the composition of modifiers - including participle constructions - with the modificandum. It is necessary to differentiate between modification which unifies two predicates relating to participants or to situations and frame setting modification where the modifier is given the status of a propositional operator. The proposed analysis shows that the high degree of semantic underspecification and interpretative flexibility of German participle II constructions resides in the indeterminacy of participles II with respect to voice and perfect, in the absence of certain constituents in the syntactic structure and in the presence of corresponding parameters in the Semantic Form of the participle phrases.  

scholarly journals Do Code of Points in men artistic gymnastics and women artistic gymnastics favor asymmetric elements?

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Ivan ČUK
Keyword(s):  
Final Position ◽  
Body Side ◽  
Start Position ◽  
Left And Right

Abstract The purpose of research was to determine whether Code of Point (COP) in Men Artistic Gymnastics (MAG) and Women Artistic Gymnastics (WAG) favor asymmetric elements in order to build gymnast’s competition exercise. All elements which are described in MAG (N = 993) and WAG (N = 713) COP were included and defined if they are symmetric at start position, during movement and at final position. Element is symmetric by arms and trunk with legs activity when all left and right body side performs simultaneously same activity. Results show in MAG COP as a whole is significantly more asymmetric elements with asymmetric trunk and legs activity. In WAG COP as a whole is significantly more asymmetric elements with asymmetric activity of arms, trunk and legs. Hypothetical most difficulty exercises on each apparatus revealed that in general for all around gymnast proportion between asymmetric and symmetric elements is close to 70% to 30%, what suggests that difficulty relates to increased asymmetry. COP in MAG and WAG enforces asymmetric movements for achieving high results, however, coaches’ task is to be aware of COP influence on gymnasts’ health and minimize asymmetries in load and to work on symmetric conditioning.

Ideological Polarization and Social Psychology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Eibach
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Ideological Polarization ◽  
The Status ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
Left And Right

Ideology is a recurrent feature of human societies. Ideologies provide people with frameworks to evaluate the relative legitimacy of different approaches to social order. Such ideologies often involve an opposition between right-leaning ideologies, which tend to justify and maintain the traditional order, and left-leaning ideologies, which advocate for systemic reforms to reduce hierarchies. Social psychological investigations of ideology explore the root motivations and moral foundations of people’s attraction to left versus right ideologies. In particular, such work focuses on understanding the motivational dynamics of ideologies that justify the status quo, promote authoritarian control, and rationalize social dominance hierarchies. Social psychological research also investigates information-processing biases that increase the polarization between left and right. These insights can be applied to bridge divides within ideologically polarized communities.

Differential changes in left and right ventricular adenylyl cyclase activities in congestive heart failure

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (2) ◽  
pp. H884-H893 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sethi ◽  
K. S. Dhalla ◽  
R. E. Beamish ◽  
N. S. Dhalla
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Right Ventricle ◽  
Adenylyl Cyclase ◽  
Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
The Status ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

The status of beta-adrenergic receptors and adenylyl cyclase in crude membranes from both left and right ventricles was examined when the left coronary artery in rats was occluded for 4, 8, and 16 wk. The adenylyl cyclase activity in the presence of isoproterenol was decreased in the uninfarcted (viable) left ventricle and increased in the right ventricle subsequent to myocardial infarction. The density of beta1-adrenergic receptors, unlike beta2-receptors, was reduced in the left ventricle, whereas no change in the characteristics of beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors was seen in the right ventricle. The catalytic activity of adenylyl cyclase was depressed in the viable left ventricle but was unchanged in the right ventricle. In comparison to sham controls, the basal, as well as NaF-, forskolin-, and 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p]-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities were decreased in the left ventricle and increased in the right ventricle of the experimental animals. Opposite alterations in the adenylyl cyclase activities in left and right ventricles from infarcted animals were also seen when two types of purified sarcolemmal preparations were employed. These changes in adenylyl cyclase activities in the left and right ventricles were dependent on the degree of heart failure. Furthermore, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate contents were higher in the right ventricle and lower in the left ventricle from infarcted animals injected with saline, isoproterenol, or forskolin in comparison to the controls. The results suggest differential changes in the viable left and right ventricles with respect to adenylyl cyclase activities during the development of congestive heart failure due to myocardial infarction.

Differential changes in β-adrenoceptor signal transduction in left and right ventricles of infarcted ratsThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special issue, entitled Second Messengers and Phosphoproteins—12th International Conference.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 747-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajat Sethi ◽  
Harjot K. Saini ◽  
Xi Wang ◽  
Vijayan Elimban ◽  
Andrea Babick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Positive Inotropic Effect ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Status ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Selection Of

Although different experimental and clinical studies have revealed varying degrees of defects in β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs) during the development of heart failure, the mechanisms for differences in β-AR signal transduction between the left (LV) and right ventricle (RV) are not understood. Because biochemical alterations in the myocardium depend on the stage of heart disease, this study was undertaken to assess the status of β-ARs in the LV and RV at different stages of heart failure. Myocardial infarction was induced in rats by occluding the left coronary artery for 8 and 24 weeks. The β-AR signal transduction was monitored by measuring β1-AR density, the isoproterenol-induced positive inotropic effect, the increase in [Ca2+]i in cardiomyocytes, and the activation of adenylyl cyclase. The β-AR signal transduction parameters in the 8- and 24-week failing LV were depressed, whereas the RV showed upregulation at 8 weeks and downregulation at 24 weeks of these mechanisms. These results suggest that β-AR-mediated signal transduction in the LV and RV are differentially regulated and are dependent upon the stage of development of congestive heart failure due to myocardial infarction.

scholarly journals The status of word-final phonetic phenomena

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Megan Rouch ◽  
Anya Lunden
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Artificial Language ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Speech Stream ◽  
Artificial Language Learning ◽  
Word Level ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Right

The right edge of the word is a known domain for processes like phonological devoicing. This has been argued to be the effect of analogy from higher prosodic domains, rather than an in situ motivated change (Hock 1999, Hualde and Eager 2016). Phonetic word-level phenomena of final lengthening and final devoicing have been found to occur natively word-finally (Lunden 2006, 2017, Nakai et al. 2009) despite claims that they have no natural phonetic pressure originating in this position (Hock 1999). We present the results of artificial language learning studies that seek to answer the question of whether phonetic-level cues to the word-final position can aid in language parsing. If they do, it provides evidence that listeners can make use of word-level phonetic phenomena, which, together with studies that have found them to be present, speaks to their inherent presence at the word level. We find that adult listeners are better able to recognize the words they heard in a speech stream, and better able to reject words that they did not hear, when final lengthening was present at the right edge of the word. Final devoicing was not found to give the same boost to parsing.

scholarly journals Partizip II-Konstruktionen des Deutschen als Modifikatoren

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 123-146
Author(s):  
Ilse Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
The Status ◽  
Propositional Operator

This contribution concerns the interaction of morphology, syntax and semantics. It treats German past participles and concentrates on their function as heads in attributive and adverbial modifier phrases. It is argued that participles have the same argument structure as the underlying verbs and can undergo passivization, perfectivization and conversion to adjectives. Since these three operations involve changes in the morphosyntactic categorization they are considered as zero affixation. Two affixless templates – without any categorical changes – convert participle constructions to modifiers relating to participants or to situations. These phrases do not have a syntactic position for the grammatical subject, an operator or an adverbial relator. The pertinent components are present only in the semantic structure. Two further templates serve the composition of participle constructions as modifiers with the modificandum. It is necessary to differentiate between modifiers which function as predicates and those which have the status of a propositional operator. In syntax, these different semantic functions correspond to different adjunct positions of the respective participle phrases.  

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