The Wars and the Posies

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Flow Lines ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
Wars Of The Roses ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
To Come ◽  
Extra Difficulty ◽  
Gold Coins

The problems of the second half of the fourteenth century continued to affect the fifteenth. Sudden death remained a constant threat, and population levels probably did not begin to recover much, if at all, until the 1540s. Instability in England was briefly restrained by the century’s first two Henries, but thereafter losses in France soon began to prove expensive, the Wars of the Roses were resumed, and uprisings in Wales added to the uncertainty. Nor did the new Stewart dynasty bring internal peace to Scotland. Commercial profits could still be made, especially in the cloth trade, but exports rose and fell with alarming rapidity. Population reduction led to much restructuring, not least in widespread abandonment or shrinkage of rural sites and of urban back areas and suburbs. For archaeology there are some compensations; stone-lined rubbish-pits were one response to fears of smell-spread disease, and their final fills are less often mixed up with residual material than those left unlined. But in London the establishment of the stone waterfront means that the dump deposits peter out, so that the place of the capital in setting standards for the rest of the country becomes even more difficult to assess. Although there was enough bullion to sustain a silver currency in England and Scotland and to allow at least intermittent minting of gold coins, sometimes in quite large numbers, the site-find record is an indicator of decreased overall usage. Both silver and gold became available from new sources after 1460, some compensation for the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the consequent extra difficulty of trading with the Near East, but the maritime route that opened up for bringing gold from West Africa may not have increased the quantity coming into Europe as a whole, as trans-Sahara caravans were fewer. Use of the sea, however, put first Portugal and later England in the middle of commercial flow-lines, rather than at their ends. After the fifteenth century gems began to come round the Cape to enter Europe by the same western route, and emeralds even crossed the Atlantic, to be followed by new supplies of gold.

Teaching Enterprise — Can it Be Done in Large Groups?

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Raymond D. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Market Research ◽  
Business Plan ◽  
Management Programme ◽  
First Year ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Commercial Sources ◽  
To Come ◽  
The University ◽  
Large Groups

This paper reports on work carried out in the School of Management at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh. Following a wide-ranging review of the first-year management programme, a module on enterprise was introduced. As part of that module students had to compete in a game, the object of which was to come up with a business idea, conduct market research and present a business plan and proposal to a panel of judges. The number of students was 225 in year one but reached around 500 within five years. The module has generated many good ideas and has attracted sponsorship from commercial sources. As yet the university has been unable to take the ideas further. It is possible that enterprise can be learned by people in large numbers, but perhaps universities are not the places in which to attempt such work.

Islamophobia

2019 ◽  
pp. 244-271
Author(s):  
Martin Pugh
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Islamic Fundamentalism ◽  
The West ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Proximate Causes ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter discusses how, misled by Islamophobic propaganda, Britain and America were unable to come to terms with what they called ‘Islamism’. The origins of what is variously known as Islamism, Islamic fundamentalism, and radical Islamism lie in the 1960s, in the ideas of a handful of Muslims in Pakistan, Egypt, and Iran who believed that Muslims had been led astray from their religion by nationalist movements. Although some Muslims were critical of Western morality and politics, Islamism was not primarily anti-Western: it was essentially a reaction against what were widely seen as the corrupt, authoritarian, and secular regimes that controlled much of the Muslim world. The aim was to evict them, return to a purer form of Islam and re-create an Islamic state. In view of the exaggerated reputation it enjoys in the West, it is worth remembering that this movement has largely been a failure. Yet while fundamentalism appeals to only a small minority, it is also the case that large numbers of Muslims have become aggrieved by the policies of the Western powers. The explanation for this can be found in long-term frustration with the consistently pro-Israeli policy of Britain and the United States over Palestine, in addition to the proximate causes in the shape of two Afghan wars, the genocide in Bosnia, the Rushdie affair, and the first Gulf War in 1990, which made many Muslims see themselves as the victims of Western aggression and interventionism.

scholarly journals Rupert Brooke’s Neo-Paganism

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 487
Author(s):  
Tomislav M. Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Great War ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Rupert Brooke ◽  
Spiritual Pilgrimage ◽  
Lasting Change ◽  
As If

Rupert Brooke (1887-1915) embodies the myth of the Great War but after his sudden death his war poems tended to be disapproved of. His pre war Georgian lines are also dismissed on account of their effete pestoralism and alleged escapism. It seemed as if both the critics and the audience simply failed to understand the subtext of his poems that reveals a magnificent spiritual pilgrimage undertaken by a poet in the age of anxiety. In search of the calm point of his tumultuous universe Brook varies different symbolic patterns and groups of symbols thus disclosing the lasting change of his poetic sensibility that range from purely pagan denial of urban values and the unrestrained blasphemy up to the true Christian piety. Our analysis affirms him the true modernist poet, a cosmopolitan mind, always apt to accumulate new experiences and it is certain that his work will be seen in quite a new light in the decades to come.

scholarly journals На терезах долі. Мотиви й образи смерті в новелістиці Василя Ткачука

2019 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. 123-135
Author(s):  
Anna Horniatko-Szumiłowicz
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Natural Death ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
To Come

On the scales of fate. Motifs and imagery of death in Vasil Tkachuk’s novellasAlthough Vasil Tkachuk’s 1916–1944 novellas are considered to be somewhat optimistic in comparison to the works of his great predecessor Vasil Stefanyk, they are also abundant with imagery and motifs of death. In Tkachuk’s writings, death is ever-present in its various forms, be it a natural death, a sudden death caused by natural disaster, or murder. Death afflicts everyone. It strikes down the innocent and young, the mature and elderly. Tkachuk’s characters balance on edge between life and death, sensing that death is approaching, fearing it, provoking, waiting for it to come, and finally, grieving their beloved ones. Tkachuk’s literary preoccupation with death seems to be even more interesting because he died prematurely, at the age of 28. He was a self-made talent, an essential voice in the Ukrainian literature of the 1930s, a writer whose works duly deserve more attention from literary scholars. Na szalach losu. Motywy i obrazy śmierci w nowelistyce Wasyla TkaczukaChociaż nowele Wasyla Tkaczuka 1916–1944 w porównaniu z utworami jego wielkiego poprzednika — Wasyla Stefanyka — postrzegane są jako bardziej optymistyczne, również one w znacznej mierze przesycone są motywami i obrazami śmierci. W tekstach Tkaczuka śmierć jest nieustannie obecna, w jej rozmaitych odmianach — pojawia się śmierć naturalna, nagła śmierć z powodu klęski żywiołowej, gwałtowna śmierć na skutek zabójstwa itp. Śmierć dopada bohaterów w różnym wieku: dziecięcym, młodzieńczym, dorosłym, podeszłym. Bohaterowie utworów Tkaczuka balansują na granicy życia i śmierci, przeczuwając jej nadejście, obawiając się jej, prowokując ją, oczekując jej wizyty, wreszcie — opłakując bliskich im zmarłych. Zgłębienie tematu śmierci w tekstach Tkaczuka jest tym bardziej interesujące, iż ów przedwcześnie zmarły w wieku 28 lat pisarz to samorodny, nowo odkryty talent ukraińskiej literatury lat trzydziestych XX wieku, który w pełni zasługuje na należytą uwagę badaczy.

scholarly journals Authors and Their ‘Mischievous’ Books: The Salutary Experience of Southey v Sherwood

Authorship ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
To Come

In the 1817 case of Southey v Sherwood Lord Eldon LC denied an injunction against the pirating of Robert Southey’s potentially ‘mischievous’ Wat Tyler, setting the tone for judgments in cases to come. The judges’ approach gave little account to the concerns of the authors whose interests in controlling their pirates lay in preserving their reputations and maintaining their livelihoods. The upshot was that the pirates prospered, large numbers of possibly seditious, blasphemous, defamatory and obscene books were published in England, and authors and judges were publicly excoriated. Eventually, judges had to reconsider their failed approach while authors looked for new ways to control their status and sources of income – as well as formulating some sharper distinctions between their public and private lives.

Afghan turmoil raises migration fears in Europe

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Burden Sharing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Afghan Refugees ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Eu

Significance A significant rise in Afghan refugees is unlikely over the coming weeks due to geographical barriers, but European governments are bracing themselves for a significant rise over the coming months. Greek Migration Minister Notis Mitarachi says the EU is not prepared for another migration crisis. Impacts With upcoming elections, Germany and France will be wary of taking in large numbers of refugees. Division over immigration could damage EU cooperation in other areas, such as climate change or fiscal policy. The strongest opposition to migration burden-sharing is likely to come from Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland.

New Advances in E-Commerce

2018 ◽  
pp. 2810-2824
Author(s):  
Khaled Ahmed Nagaty
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
Online Transactions ◽  
Global Dynamic ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Optimum Selection ◽  
Crypto Currency ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

Advances in computers design and communication technology have lead to introduction of global, dynamic and intelligent e-business models and new tools for e-commerce. These models use artificial intelligence techniques and web2 technologies to perform online transactions between businesses and customers. As the number of clients over the Internet grows rapidly advanced intelligent e-business models are needed to efficiently respond to clients with an optimum selection for their requests. In B2C models there are a large numbers of buyers and sellers where buyers specify their preferences and sellers specify their products and selling prices. The major role of AI techniques in B2C e-commerce is to come up with the best match between a buyer and seller. In B2B the major role of AI techniques is supply chain management to help clients taking the right decisions. Modern tools used by intelligent E-commerce models include: algorithmic trading, decentralized autonomous corporations (DAC), crypto-currency systems, smart contracts, Internet of Things, cloud computing and big data analytics.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Eliza Hartrich
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Political Life ◽  
English History ◽  
Urban Sector ◽  
Wars Of The Roses ◽  
Collective Influence

This introduction suggests that political practices, discourses, and events in fifteenth-century England were shaped by the experiences of those who governed, lived in, and travelled through towns. The tradition, however, of studying individual English towns, rather than assessing the collective influence of multiple towns, has made it difficult for the role of townspeople and urban spaces in English political life to be appreciated. Here, a new methodology is proposed for studying relationships between towns and for tracing the relative strength of this inter-connected ‘urban sector’ at particular points in time. Fluctuations in the membership and strength of this ‘urban sector’ had significant implications for how pivotal events in English history—including the Wars of the Roses—played out.

scholarly journals III. A Letter to John Gage, Esq. F.R.S. Director, by William Young Ottley, Esq. F.S.A., &c., on a Manuscript in the British Museum, believed by him to be of the Second or Third Century, and containing the translation of Aratus's astronomical Poem by Cicero, accompanied by Drawings of the Constellations: with a preliminary Dissertation in proof of the use of Minuscule Writing by the ancient Romans; and a corrected edition of the Poem itself, including ten lines not heretofore known

Archaeologia ◽  
1836 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 47-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Young Ottley
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come

You are aware that I have, at intervals, employed myself a good deal in the manuscript room of the British Museum, during the last four years, in researches among the Illuminated MSS. of the fifteenth century, on the subject of Costume; for the purpose of helping me to form a right judgment of the ages and country of certain books of wood-engravings, which are known by bibliographers under the name of Block-Books; and are commonly supposed to have given rise to the invention of Typography: for the controversy concerning this subject has long occupied my attention; and, although so many books have been written upon it during the last two centuries, I have become more and more persuaded, that the evidence on both sides must be subjected to a nicer examination, and sifting, than it has yet had, before we can hope to come to a right decision concerning it.

Muḥammad Fużūlī’s The Debate of Weed and Wine (Beng ü Bāde) Revisited: Towards a New Interpretation

DIYÂR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-239
Author(s):  
Benedek Péri
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
To Come ◽  
Narrative Poem ◽  
Short Narrative

Muḥammad Fużūlī’s (d. 1556) Beng ü Bāde (The Debate of Weed and Wine), a short narrative poem written sometime between 1510 and 1524 by one of the outstanding authors of the classical Turkish literary tradition, has induced many scholars to come forward with an interpretation. A common feature of all these attempts is that they look at Fużūlī’s work as a unique text and tend to forget that there are two other versions of the story. Yūsuf Amīrī’s Beng ü Çaġır was written in Central Asian Turkic in the early fifteenth century and the recently found Esrār-nāme was composed in Ottoman. The present paper aims to give a short description of the Esrār-nāme and provide the reader with a new interpretation of Fużūlī’s Beng ü Bāde, in light of the comparative analysis of the three texts.

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