Behavioral foundations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phanish Puranam
Keyword(s):  
Individual Behavior ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Organizational Contexts ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Rational Individual

The diversity of behaviors that human beings exhibit makes it challenging to know what behavioral assumptions to make when building theories about organizations. Fortunately for us, organizational contexts are, to varying degrees, designed. I argue that this introduces a powerful set of levers—sorting, framing and structuring—that can help reduce this diversity of behavioral possibilities to a tractable yet plausible few. In the resulting account of behavior, alternatives need not be given, their consequences need not be known, and the utilities attached to consequences need not be stable. This chapter offers a simplified framework to understand a variety of forms of rational and non-rational individual behavior as special cases.

scholarly journals Investigação Quanto ao Papel de Círculos Sociais no Desempenho Discente no Ensino Superior Utilizando Análise de Redes Complexas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Concatto ◽  
Alex Luciano Roesler Rese ◽  
Rafael De Santiago ◽  
Rudimar Luis Scaranto Dazzi ◽  
Anita Maria da Rocha Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Individual Behavior ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Circle ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

The individual behavior of human beings is susceptible to influencesfrom their peers. It is known that contact between individuals,both direct and indirect, can foster or inhibit a considerable rangeof human characteristics and behaviors. This study aims to evaluatethe impact of the social context of undergraduate students on theiracademic performance, understanding "social context"as the averageperformance of classmates socially close to each student. Ourmethodology involves reconstructing the underlying social networkof a class computationally, using data gathered from a questionnaireapplied to the students of the class, and testing the hypothesis thatthe change in the grade of a student can be accurately modeledas a linear function of the differences between the student’s gradeand the mean of their peers’ grades. The results show that defininga student’s social circle as the community they belong to insteadof their set of neighbors allows for the construction of statisticalmodels with significatively higher predictive potential

Teleology in the Later Middle Ages

Teleology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 90-115
Author(s):  
Jeffrey K. McDonough
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Teleological Explanation ◽  
Medieval Philosophy ◽  
Explanatory Role ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Outright Rejection ◽  
Final Causes ◽  
The One

Teleological explanation is one of the legacies of antiquity that received a surprisingly muted response in the Middle Ages. Aristotle’s naturalized approach to teleology met with little enthusiasm, and grave doubts arose in the later Middle Ages over whether final causes are a legitimate kind of cause at all. This was a natural reaction to the distinctive feature of medieval teleology, which is that teleological causes are universal, intelligent, particular, forward-looking, intentional, and (in nonrational cases) extrinsic. When teleology is so understood, its explanatory role becomes limited to certain special cases. Indeed, the one place where reflection on ends plays a truly robust role in later medieval philosophy is in ethics. Even here, however, the consensus of antiquity—that human beings are and ought to be ultimately motivated by their own happiness—meets with growing resistance and eventually outright rejection.

Electron Beam Damage of Biomolecules Assessed by Energy Loss Spectroscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
M. Isaacson ◽  
M.L. Collins ◽  
M. Listvan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Atom Migration ◽  
Beam Damage

Over the past five years it has become evident that radiation damage provides the fundamental limit to the study of blomolecular structure by electron microscopy. In some special cases structural determinations at very low doses can be achieved through superposition techniques to study periodic (Unwin & Henderson, 1975) and nonperiodic (Saxton & Frank, 1977) specimens. In addition, protection methods such as glucose embedding (Unwin & Henderson, 1975) and maintenance of specimen hydration at low temperatures (Taylor & Glaeser, 1976) have also shown promise. Despite these successes, the basic nature of radiation damage in the electron microscope is far from clear. In general we cannot predict exactly how different structures will behave during electron Irradiation at high dose rates. Moreover, with the rapid rise of analytical electron microscopy over the last few years, nvicroscopists are becoming concerned with questions of compositional as well as structural integrity. It is important to measure changes in elemental composition arising from atom migration in or loss from the specimen as a result of electron bombardment.

Decoration technique and surface physics

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 436-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bethge
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Path ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Surface Physics ◽  
Step Structure ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Atomic Surface ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bulk Structure ◽  
Decoration Technique

Besides the atomic surface structure, diverging in special cases with respect to the bulk structure, the real structure of a surface Is determined by the step structure. Using the decoration technique /1/ it is possible to image step structures having step heights down to a single lattice plane distance electron-microscopically. For a number of problems the knowledge of the monatomic step structures is important, because numerous problems of surface physics are directly connected with processes taking place at these steps, e.g. crystal growth or evaporation, sorption and nucleatlon as initial stage of overgrowth of thin films.To demonstrate the decoration technique by means of evaporation of heavy metals Fig. 1 from our former investigations shows the monatomic step structure of an evaporated NaCI crystal. of special Importance Is the detection of the movement of steps during the growth or evaporation of a crystal. From the velocity of a step fundamental quantities for the molecular processes can be determined, e.g. the mean free diffusion path of molecules.

Rate of Absorption of Water from Stomach and Small Bowel of Human Beings

1954 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Scholer ◽  
Charles F. Code
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Rate Of Absorption

A Study of the Action of Prostigmine on the Bowel of Human Beings

1949 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 970-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. McMahon ◽  
Charles F. Code ◽  
Willtam G. Saver ◽  
J. Arnold Bargen
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings
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