Capabilities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. M. J. Verschure
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
System Level ◽  
Cognitive Architectures ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Perception Action

This chapter introduces the “Capabilities” section of the Handbook of Living Machines. Where the previous section considered building blocks, we recognize that components or modules do not automatically make systems. Hence, in the remainder of this handbook, the emphasis is toward the capabilities of living systems and their emulation in artifacts. Capabilities often arise from the integration of multiple components and thus sensitize us to the need to develop a system-level perspective on living machines. Here we summarize and consider the 14 contributions in this section which cover perception, action, cognition, communication, and emotion, and the integration of these through cognitive architectures into systems that can emulate the full gamut of integrated behaviors seen in animals including, potentially, our own capacity for consciousness.

scholarly journals Comparison of Quantitative Morphology of Layered and Arbitrary Patterns: Contrary to Visual Perception, Binary Arbitrary Patterns Are Layered from a Structural Point of View

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6300
Author(s):  
Igor Smolyar ◽  
Daniel Smolyar
Keyword(s):  
Boolean Function ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Seismic Profiles ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Anisotropic Layers

Patterns found among both living systems, such as fish scales, bones, and tree rings, and non-living systems, such as terrestrial and extraterrestrial dunes, microstructures of alloys, and geological seismic profiles, are comprised of anisotropic layers of different thicknesses and lengths. These layered patterns form a record of internal and external factors that regulate pattern formation in their various systems, making it potentially possible to recognize events in the formation history of these systems. In our previous work, we developed an empirical model (EM) of anisotropic layered patterns using an N-partite graph, denoted as G(N), and a Boolean function to formalize the layer structure. The concept of isotropic and anisotropic layers was presented and described in terms of the G(N) and Boolean function. The central element of the present work is the justification that arbitrary binary patterns are made up of such layers. It has been shown that within the frame of the proposed model, it is the isotropic and anisotropic layers themselves that are the building blocks of binary layered and arbitrary patterns; pixels play no role. This is why the EM can be used to describe the morphological characteristics of such patterns. We present the parameters disorder of layer structure, disorder of layer size, and pattern complexity to describe the degree of deviation of the structure and size of an arbitrary anisotropic pattern being studied from the structure and size of a layered isotropic analog. Experiments with arbitrary patterns, such as regular geometric figures, convex and concave polygons, contour maps, the shape of island coastlines, river meanders, historic texts, and artistic drawings are presented to illustrate the spectrum of problems that it may be possible to solve by applying the EM. The differences and similarities between the proposed and existing morphological characteristics of patterns has been discussed, as well as the pros and cons of the suggested method.

scholarly journals A social network of collaborating industrial assets

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Li ◽  
Adrià Salvador Palau ◽  
Ajith Kumar Parlikad
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
System Level ◽  
Industrial Systems ◽  
Traffic Routing ◽  
Status Data ◽  
General Architecture ◽  
Level Performance

The IoT (Internet of Things) concept is being widely regarded as the fundamental tool of the next industrial revolution – Industry 4.0. As the value of data generated in social networks has been increasingly recognised, social media and the IoT have been integrated in areas such as product-design, traffic routing, etc. However, the potential of this integration in improving system-level performance in industrial environments has rarely been explored. This paper discusses the feasibility of improving system-level performance in industrial systems by integrating social networks into the IoT concept. We propose the concept of a social internet of industrial assets (SIoIA) which enables the collaboration between assets by sharing status data. We also identify the building blocks of SIoIA and characteristics of one of its important components – social assets. A sketch of the general architecture needed to enable a social network of collaborating industrial assets is proposed and two illustrative application examples are given.

General discussion after session V

1988 ◽  
Vol 325 (1587) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Origin Of Life ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Applied Mathematics ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
General Terms ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
Emergence Of Life

N. C. Wickramasinghe ( Department of Applied Mathematics and Astronomy, University College, Cardiff, U. K. ). The question of the origin of life is, of course, one of the most important scientific questions and it is also one of the most difficult. One is inevitably faced here with a situation where there are very few empirical facts of direct relevance and perhaps no facts relating to the actual transition from organic material to material that can even remotely be described as living. The time perspective of events that relate to this problem has already been presented by Dr Chang. Uncertainty still persists as to the actual first moment of the origin or the emergence of life on the Earth. At some time between 3800 and 3300 Ma BP the first microscopic living systems seem to have emerged. There is a definite moment in time corresponding to a sudden appearance of cellular-type living systems. Now, traditionally the evolution of carbonaceous compounds which led to the emergence of life on Earth could be divided into three principal steps and I shall just remind you what those steps are. The first step is the production of chemical building blocks that lead to the origin of the organic molecules necessary as a prerequisite for the evolution of life. Step two can be described in general terms as prebiotic evolution, the arrangement of these chemical units into some kind of sequence of precursor systems that come almost up to life but not quite; and then stage three is the early biological evolution which actually effects the transition from proto-cellular organic-type forms into truly cellular living systems. The transition is from organic chemistry, prebiotic chemistry to biochemistry. Those are the three principal stages that have been defined by traditional workers in the field, the people who, as Dr Chang said, have had the courage to make these queries and attempt to answer them. Ever since the classic experiments where organic materials were synthesized in the laboratory a few decades back, it was thought that the first step, the production of organic chemical units, is important for the origin of life on the Earth, and that this had to take place in some location on the Earth itself.

Cooperative Strategies and Genome Cybernetics in Formation of Complex Bacterial Patterns

1994 ◽  
Vol 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eshel Ben-Jacob ◽  
Ofer Shochet ◽  
Inon Cohen ◽  
Adam Tenenbaum ◽  
Andras CzirÓk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Cooperative Strategies ◽  
Additional Level ◽  
Bacterial Patterns ◽  
The Individual

AbstractWe present a study of interfacial pattern formation during growth of bacterial colonies. Growth of bacterial colonies bears similarities but presents an inherent additional level of complexity in comparison with non-living systems. In the former case, the building blocks themselves are living systems, each with its own autonomous self-interest and internal degrees of freedom. The bacteria have developed sophisticated communication channels, which they utilize when growth conditions are tough. Here we present a non-local communicating walkers model to study the effect of local bacterium-bacterium interaction and communication via chemotaxis signaling. We demonstrate how communication enables the colony to develop complex patterns in response to adverse growth conditions. This self-organization of the colony, which can be achieved only via cooperative behavior of the bacteria, may be viewed as the outcome of an interplay between the micro-level (the individual bacterium) and the macro-level (the colony). Some qualitative features of the complex morphologies can be accounted for by invoking ideas from pattern formation in non-living systems together with a simplified model of chemotactic “feedback”.

scholarly journals Challenges and Opportunities of System-Level Prognostics

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 7655
Author(s):  
Seokgoo Kim ◽  
Joo-Ho Choi ◽  
Nam H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
System Level ◽  
Prognostics And Health Management ◽  
Health Index ◽  
System Operation ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Industrial Systems ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Essential Function

Prognostics and health management (PHM) has become an essential function for safe system operation and scheduling economic maintenance. To date, there has been much research and publications on component-level prognostics. In practice, however, most industrial systems consist of multiple components that are interlinked. This paper aims to provide a review of approaches for system-level prognostics. To achieve this goal, the approaches are grouped into four categories: health index-based, component RUL-based, influenced component-based, and multiple failure mode-based prognostics. Issues of each approach are presented in terms of the target systems and employed algorithms. Two examples of PHM datasets are used to demonstrate how the system-level prognostics should be conducted. Challenges for practical system-level prognostics are also addressed.

scholarly journals Selection from a pool of self-assembling lipid replicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Colomer ◽  
Arseni Borissov ◽  
Stephen P. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Autocatalytic Reaction ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Kinetically Controlled ◽  
Phase Selectivity ◽  
Autocatalytic Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractReplication and compartmentalization are fundamental to living systems and may have played important roles in life’s origins. Selection in compartmentalized autocatalytic systems might provide a way for evolution to occur and for life to arise from non-living systems. Herein we report selection in a system of self-reproducing lipids where a predominant species can emerge from a pool of competitors. The lipid replicators are metastable and their out-of-equilibrium population can be sustained by feeding the system with starting materials. Phase separation is crucial for selective surfactant formation as well as autocatalytic kinetics; indeed, no selection is observed when all reacting species are dissolved in the same phase. Selectivity is attributed to a kinetically controlled process where the rate of monomer formation determines which replicator building blocks are the fittest. This work reveals how kinetics of a phase-separated autocatalytic reaction may be used to control the population of out-of-equilibrium replicators in time.

COMMUNICATION, REGULATION AND CONTROL DURING COMPLEX PATTERNING OF BACTERIAL COLONIES

Fractals ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 15-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
ESHEL BEN-JACOB ◽  
OFER SHOCHET ◽  
ADAM TENENBAUM ◽  
INON COHEN ◽  
ANDRAS CZIRÓK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Additional Level ◽  
The Individual

We present a study of interfacial pattern formation during growth of bacterial colonies. Growth of bacterial colony bears similarities to but presents an inherent additional level of complexity compared to non-living systems. In the former case, the building blocks themselves are living systems each with its own autonomous self-interest and internal degrees of freedom. At the same time, efficient adaptation of the colony to adverse growth conditions requires self-organization on all levels — which can be achieved only via cooperative behavior of the bacteria. To do so, the bacteria have developed sophisticated communication channels on all levels. Here we present a non-local communicating walkers model to study the effect of local bacterium-bacterium interaction and communication via chemotaxis signaling. We demonstrate how communication enables the colony to develop complex patterns in response to adverse growth conditions. Efficient response of the colony requires self-organization on all levels, which can be achieved only via cooperative behavior of the bacteria. It can be viewed as the action of an interplay between the micro-level (the individual bacterium) and the macro-level (the colony) in the determination of the emerging pattern. Some qualitative features of the complex morphologies can be accounted for by invoking ideas from pattern formation in non-living systems together with a simplified model of chemotactic "feedback."

Embedded Forensics

2010 ◽  
pp. 396-423
Author(s):  
Antonio Savoldi ◽  
Paolo Gubian
Keyword(s):  
Smart Card ◽  
Data Hiding ◽  
File System ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
System Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Digital Device ◽  
Main Building ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Memory Content

This chapter is aimed at introducing SIM and USIM card forensics, which pertains to the Small Scale Digital Device Forensics (SSDDF) (Harril, & Mislan, 2007) field. Particularly, we would like to pinpoint what follows. First, we will introduce the smart card world, giving a sufficiently detailed description regarding the main physical and logical main building blocks. Then we will give a general overview on the extraction of the standard part of the file system. Moreover, we will present an effective methodology to acquire all the observable memory content, that is, the whole set of files which represent the full file system of such devices. Finally, we will discuss some potential cases of data hiding at the file system level, presenting at the same time a detailed and useful procedure used by forensics practitioners to deal with such a problem.

Design and characterization of 50 kW solid-state RF amplifier

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhilesh Jain ◽  
P. R. Hannurkar ◽  
D. K. Sharma ◽  
A. K. Gupta ◽  
A. K. Tiwari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Particle Accelerator ◽  
System Level ◽  
Source Characterization ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Rf Amplifier ◽  
Time Operation ◽  
And Performance

Radio frequency (RF) and microwave amplifier research has been largely focused on solid-state technology in recent years. This paper presents design and performance characterization of a 50-kW modular solid-state amplifier, operating at 505.8 MHz. It includes architecture selection and design procedures based on circuit and EM simulations for its building blocks like solid-state amplifier modules, combiners, dividers, and directional couplers. Key performance objectives such as efficiency, return loss, and amplitude/phase imbalance are discussed for this amplifier for real-time operation. This amplifier is serving as the state-of-the-art RF source in Indus-2 synchrotron radiation source. Characterization on component level as well as system level of this amplifier serves useful data for RF designers working in communication and particle accelerator fields.

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