The intergenerational transmission of stress: psychosocial and biological mechanisms
I met Channi for the first time when I was a senior house officer (trainee) in psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital, and I worked under his supervision for 6 months, in 1998. At that time, Channi was the only Consultant Perinatal Psychiatrist at the Maudsley, covering the Liaison Services at King’s College Hospital, the outreach work, and the Mother and Baby Unit. And, of course, he was leading the academic section. It is perhaps the best tribute to his memory that it takes now three consultants and two academics to do the work that he was then doing all by himself! I was already interested in neuroendocrinology, and Channi was fascinated by the possibility that hormones might have a role in the mental health problems of the perinatal period. At that time, the notion that hormonal changes in pregnancy could have long-lasting effects on the offspring was still at its infancy, and I remember fondly the many discussions on this topic with Channi, sitting at his famous old desk. Channi was a pioneer in this field: he was the first to emphasize the dramatic impact of depression in pregnancy on the wellbeing of mothers and children. I am honoured to be able to continue this line of research today. The intergenerational transmission of stress has powerful clinical and social consequences, consolidating social adversity and psychopathology in future generations. The 2007 Policy Briefing by the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, ‘Preventing child maltreatment in Europe: a public health approach’ (WHO 2007), recognizes that ‘there is an association between maltreatment in childhood and the risk of later . . . becoming a perpetrator of violence or other antisocial behaviour as a teenager or adult’. The report also highlights that the costs are both overt (for example, medical care for victims, treatment of offenders, and legal costs for social care) and less obvious (for example, criminal justice and prosecution costs, specialist education, and mental health provision). In Europe, only the United Kingdom has calculated the total economic burden, estimated to be £735 million in 1996 (WHO 2007).