Drafting the Patent Specification

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip W. Grubb ◽  
Peter R. Thomsen ◽  
Tom Hoxie ◽  
Gordon Wright
Keyword(s):  
Clear Picture ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Patent Attorney ◽  
Mental Picture ◽  
The Us

This chapter explains the procedure for drafting a patent specification. When an invention of any kind has been made, the first step towards drafting a patent specification is defining the scope of the invention, or forming a mental picture of what is to be claimed. The second step is putting that mental picture into words. Once the patent attorney gains a clear picture of the correct scope of the invention, he or she can begin the task of drafting the specification and claims of the application. The remainder of the chapter discusses the structure of the patent specification; priority and foreign filing texts; sufficient requirements in the US, UK, and other countries; and special requirements for biotech inventions.

scholarly journals Statistical and Spatial Analysis of Hurricane-induced Roadway Closures and Power Outages

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahyar Ghorbanzadeh ◽  
Mohammadreza Koloushani ◽  
Mehmet Baran Ulak ◽  
Eren Erman Ozguven ◽  
Reza Arghandeh Jouneghani
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Power Outages ◽  
The Us ◽  
Infrastructure System ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
The City

Hurricanes lead to substantial infrastructure system damages, such as roadway closures and power outages, in the US annually, especially in states like Florida. As such, this paper aimed to assess the impacts of Hurricane Hermine (2016) and Hurricane Michael (2018) on the City of Tallahassee, the capital of Florida, via exploratory spatial and statistical analyses on power outages and roadway closures. First, a geographical information systems (GIS)-based spatial analysis was conducted to explore the power outages and roadway closure patterns in the city including kernel density estimation (KDE) and density ratio difference (DRD) methods. In order to provide a more detailed assessment on which population segments were more affected, a second step included a statistical analysis to identify the relationships between demographic- and socioeconomic-related variables and the magnitude of power outages and roadway closures caused by these hurricanes. The results indicate that the high-risk locations for roadway closures showed different patterns, whereas power outages seemed to have similar spatial patterns for the hurricanes. The findings of this study can provide useful insights and information for city officials to identify the most vulnerable regions which are under the risk of disruption. This can lead to better infrastructure plans and policies.

Searching for a Dream Plan: Two-Level Game Analysis of the Futenma Relocation Issue Under the Hatoyama Cabinet

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-67
Author(s):  
TOMOHITO SHINODA
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Game Analysis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Marine Air

AbstractEmploying a two-level game framework, this study examines the decision-making process of the Hatoyama government on the replacement of the US Marine air base in Futenma, Okinawa. Before reaching the final decision to revert to the existing plan of relocating it to Nago City, the cabinet members explored different possible alternatives. Prime Minister Hatoyama simultaneously pursued different international and domestic goals. Misperception and miscommunication between Tokyo and Washington were at play. A two-level game framework provides a clear picture of what Hatoyama tried to pursue and why he failed.

scholarly journals A day in the life of a Patent Attorney

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 38-39
Keyword(s):  
Master's Degree ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Patent Attorney ◽  
University Of Oxford ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cellular Biochemistry ◽  
Master’S Degree ◽  
The University

Steve Cuss is a trainee patent attorney in Chemical and Life Sciences. He graduated from the University of Oxford with a Master's degree in Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. Steve completed a PhD in Infection and Immunity at the University of Cambridge, followed by a period as a visiting researcher at the University of York. After this, he worked for the US National Institutes of Health researching cancer-targeted immunotherapeutics.

scholarly journals Outside directors and the Japanese board room: An in-depth study

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Bebenroth ◽  
Li Donghao
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Outside Directors ◽  
Performance Impact ◽  
The Us ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Japanese Companies ◽  
Board Level ◽  
Board Room

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance impact at the board level in the corporate governance of Japanese companies. We investigated the composition of outside directors and outside auditors for three years and found evidence, that a higher outside ratio leads to a better performance. As a second step, we cluster Japanese companies into three groups, companies without outside directors, companies which appointed outside directors and companies who apply to the “US-style system.” Companies without outside directors every single year show the weakest performance and US-style Japanese companies the strongest what leads to the conclusion that Japanese companies might be better off having a high ratio of outside directors and outside auditors.

scholarly journals Coalescent assimilation across word-boundaries in American English and in Polish English

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Kaźmierski ◽  
Ewelina Wojtkowiak ◽  
Andreas Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
American English ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Connected Speech ◽  
Word Boundaries ◽  
English Pronunciation ◽  
Do So

Coalescent assimilation (CA), where alveolar obstruents /t, d, s, z/ in word-final position merge with word-initial /j/ to produce postalveolar /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/, is one of the most wellknown connected speech processes in English. Due to its commonness, CA has been discussed in numerous textbook descriptions of English pronunciation, and yet, upon comparing them it is difficult to get a clear picture of what factors make its application likely. This paper aims to investigate the application of CA in American English to see a) what factors increase the likelihood of its application for each of the four alveolar obstruents, and b) what is the allophonic realization of plosives /t, d/ if the CA does not apply. To do so, the Buckeye Corpus (Pitt et al. 2007) of spoken American English is analyzed quantitatively. As a second step, these results are compared with Polish English; statistics analogous to the ones listed above for American English are gathered for Polish English based on the PLEC corpus (Pęzik 2012). The last section focuses on what consequences for teaching based on a native speaker model the findings have. It is argued that a description of the phenomenon that reflects the behavior of speakers of American English more accurately than extant textbook accounts could be beneficial to the acquisition of these patterns.

Ethnic Cleansing and Diplomacy: A View of the Greek-Turkish Exchange of Populations of 1923–24 from the US National Archives

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Ayhan Aktar
Keyword(s):  
League Of Nations ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Population Exchange ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Us

Abstract This article is on the diplomatic processes leading to the decision to exchange populations between Greece and Turkey during the peace negotiations at the Lausanne Conference in 1923. The US National Archives has rich and hitherto unexploited archival material that encompasses the correspondence between Istanbul, Athens and the US Department of State. As the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives is still closed to researchers, US diplomatic correspondence gives a clear picture of how Greek and Turkish statesmen, as well as intermediaries such as the representatives of the League of Nations, developed and accomplished the idea of population exchange in 1922–23.

Temperature Dependence of the Critical Electron Dose for Fatty Acid Monolayers

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Downing ◽  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Strong Temperature Dependence ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Covalent Bonds

The structural damage of molecules irradiated by electrons is generally considered to occur in two steps. The direct result of inelastic scattering events is the disruption of covalent bonds. Following changes in bond structure, movement of the constituent atoms produces permanent distortions of the molecules. Since at least the second step should show a strong temperature dependence, it was to be expected that cooling a specimen should extend its lifetime in the electron beam. This result has been found in a large number of experiments, but the degree to which cooling the specimen enhances its resistance to radiation damage has been found to vary widely with specimen types.

The Application of Protein A-Gold Immunocytochemistry to Studies of Protein Secretion

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 426-429
Author(s):  
George H. Herbener ◽  
Antonio Nanci ◽  
Moise Bendayan
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Section ◽  
Colloidal Gold ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Extracellular Proteins ◽  
Gold Complex ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Antigenic Sites

Protein A-gold immunocytochemistry is a two-step, post-embedding labeling procedure which may be applied to tissue sections to localize intra- and extracellular proteins. The key requisite for immunocytochemistry is the availability of the appropriate antibody to react in an immune response with the antigenic sites on the protein of interest. During the second step, protein A-gold complex is reacted with the antibody. This is a non- specific reaction in that protein A will combine with most IgG antibodies. The ‘label’ visualized in the electron microscope is colloidal gold. Since labeling is restricted to the surface of the tissue section and since colloidal gold is particulate, labeling density, i.e., the number of gold particles per unit area of tissue section, may be quantitated with ease and accuracy.

The Eleventh Circuit Holds that Agreements in which Pharmaceutical Companies Pay Generic Companies Not to Compete May be Valid

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Amy Garrigues
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Trial Court ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Appeals Court ◽  
Two Sides

On September 15, 2003, the US. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that agreements between pharmaceutical and generic companies not to compete are not per se unlawful if these agreements do not expand the existing exclusionary right of a patent. The Valley DrugCo.v.Geneva Pharmaceuticals decision emphasizes that the nature of a patent gives the patent holder exclusive rights, and if an agreement merely confirms that exclusivity, then it is not per se unlawful. With this holding, the appeals court reversed the decision of the trial court, which held that agreements under which competitors are paid to stay out of the market are per se violations of the antitrust laws. An examination of the Valley Drugtrial and appeals court decisions sheds light on the two sides of an emerging legal debate concerning the validity of pay-not-to-compete agreements, and more broadly, on the appropriate balance between the seemingly competing interests of patent and antitrust laws.

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