The Cult of Menelaus and Helen at Therapne

2020 ◽  
pp. 258-284
Author(s):  
Anna R. Stelow
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Epic Poetry ◽  
Hero Cult ◽  
Early Archaic ◽  
British School

This chapter studies the cult of Menelaus and Helen at Therapne. A ‘happy congruence’ of evidence, from the seventh century BC onward, indicates that Menelaus and Helen were honoured at a place known in antiquity as Therapne. Indeed, authors from the early archaic period through the end of the era attest to the presence of a shrine to Menelaus and/or Menelaus and Helen on the hills across the Eurotas River from modern Sparta. The site, comprising an archaic shrine built next to and atop an extensive Mycenaean site, was well-studied by the British School early and late in the twentieth century. Moreover, inscriptional evidence corresponds with the ancient testimonia to indicate that Menelaus and Helen were worshiped at the place already known in antiquity as the Menelaion. Dedications to Helen and Menelaus dated to the seventh and sixth centuries BC are among the earliest reported inscriptional evidence for the worship of any Homeric hero in Greece. The archaic cult at the Menelaion is frequently discussed both for the study of hero cult in itself and for the question as to how early Greek cult did intersect with the proliferation of epic poetry.

Excavations at Kato Phana, Chios: 1999, 2000, and 2001

2004 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 201-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Beames ◽  
Angeliki Tsigkou ◽  
Nicola Wardle ◽  
Lesley Beaumont ◽  
Aglaia Archontidou-Argyri
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
British School ◽  
History Of ◽  
Excavation Work ◽  
Small Finds ◽  
Stone Structures

This article presents a preliminary report on the excavation campaigns of 1999 to 2001 conducted in the Sanctuary of Apollo Phanaios at Kato Phana on Chios by the 20th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities in collaboration with the British School at Athens. An account of the stratigraphy and architectural remains encountered is first presented, followed by a selected catalogue of the ceramic and small finds. The report concludes with a discussion of the chronological development of the site. While prior to the resumption of excavation work at Kato Phana in 1999 it was commonly held that the sanctuary had been established in the Late Geometric period, the new finds suggest that the history of cult worship here may extend back to the Late Mycenaean and the subsequent Protogeometric, Early Geometric and Middle Geometric periods. Excavation results now also reveal that by the seventh century BC the sanctuary had been architecturally embellished with permanent stone structures, with further architectural remodelling taking place on at least two subsequent occasions during the Archaic period. Though the paucity of Classical, Hellenistic and Roman finds from the site is puzzling, the Early Christian period provides a wealth of ceramic and small finds and architectural remains.

Greek Slave Systems in their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c.800-146 BC

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Early Archaic ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
Orthodox View

The orthodox view of ancient Mediterranean slavery holds that Greece and Rome were the only ‘genuine slave societies’ of the ancient world, that is, societies in which slave labour contributed significantly to the economy and underpinned the wealth of elites. Other societies, labelled as ‘societies with slaves’, apparently made little use of slave labour, and have therefore been largely ignored in recent work. Greek Slave Systems in their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c.800–146 BC presents a radically different view. Slavery was indeed particularly highly developed in Greece and Rome; but it was also highly developed in Carthage and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean, and played a not insignificant role in the affairs of elites in Assyria, Babylonia, and Persia. This new study portrays the Eastern Mediterranean world as a patchwork of regional slave systems. In Greece, diversity was the rule: from the early archaic period onwards, differing historical trajectories in various regions shaped the institution of slavery in manifold ways, producing very different slave systems in regions such as Sparta, Crete, and Attica. In the wider Eastern Mediterranean world, we find a similar level of diversity. Slavery was exploited to different degrees across all of these regions, and was the outcome of a complex interplay between cultural, economic, political, geographic, and demographic variables.

scholarly journals Wild Goat style ceramics at Troy and the impact of Archaic period colonisation on the Troad

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn C. Aslan ◽  
Ernst Pernicka
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Activation Analysis ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Ceramic Production ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
New Information ◽  
Gallipoli Peninsula ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe establishment of colonies along the Hellespont by inhabitants of Ionia, Athens and Lesbos is well-known from historical texts. Recently, stratified contexts at Troy as well as other surveys and excavations have yielded new information about the chronology and material markers of Archaic period settlements in the Troad and the Gallipoli peninsula. The archaeological evidence for colonisation in this region is not clearly seen until the late seventh to early sixth century BC when there is a dramatic change in the material culture. Destruction evidence from Troy indicates that the new settlers probably entered a weakened and depopulated region in the second half of the seventh century BC. The Ionian colonists transplanted their pottery traditions and started production of East Greek style ceramics in the Troad. Neutron Activation Analysis of Wild Goat style ceramics found at Troy offers further confirmation for the existence of Hellespontine Wild Goat style ceramic production centres. The Wild Goat style examples from Troy help to define the characteristics of the Hellespontine group, as well as the chronology and impact of colonisation in this area.

scholarly journals The Dates of the Vases called ‘Cyrenaic’

1910 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Droop
Keyword(s):  
Seventh Century ◽  
British School ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Temple

The literature dealing with the so-called ‘Cyrenaic’ vases is comparatively so huge that some excuse is needed for a fresh approach to the subject. That excuse is to be found in the new light shed on these vases through the recent excavations at Sparta by the British School at Athens, of which one result has been the discovery that Laconia was the home of the school which produced them.At Sparta this distinctive Laconian style is presented in good chronological sequence, and its course can be traced from its rise in the early seventh century, through its development and decline in the sixth and fifth centuries, to its end in the latter part of the fourth.It is true that the finds of pottery at the shrine of Artemis Orthia at Sparta consist of fragments of dedicated vases, the refuse, in fact, thrown out from time to time from the temple, so that what is presented by the stratification of the site is the chronological sequence not of the manufacture of the vases but of their destruction. Yet the development of the style as a whole, even when judged by the stratification, is so regular that it may be assumed that in most cases the order of destruction corresponded with that of manufacture. In any case the destruction of the older temple at the close of the seventh century gives at least one point where such correspondence is certain. Vases thrown out from the new temple must have been dedicated after the destruction of the older building. To divide the style with much certainty into six chronological periods called, and approximately dated

An Early Corinthian Helmet in the Museum of the British School at Athens

1987 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Seventh Century ◽  
British School

The Corinthian Helmet Catalogue No. B2, of a popular seventh-century design, is described and classified. It is dated to the first half of the seventh century, and placed in Snodgrass's second group.

Women in the Fine Arts, from the Seventh Century B.C. to the Twentieth Century A.D.

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Nancy Mowll Mathews ◽  
Clara Erskine Clement ◽  
Walter Shaw Sparrow ◽  
Victoria Manners ◽  
G. C. Williamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Seventh Century

ACROSS THE HELLESPONT: MAYDOS (ANCIENT MADYTOS), TROY AND THE NORTH-EASTERN AEGEAN IN THE LATE EIGHTH TO EARLY SIXTH CENTURY BC

2016 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 121-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn C. Aslan ◽  
Göksel Sazcı
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Aegean Region ◽  
Regional Centre ◽  
Early Archaic ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Aegean ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Gallipoli Peninsula

This article presents new excavation results from three oval or apsidal houses discovered at the site of Maydos-Kilisetepe (ancient Madytos), which is located near the coast of the Hellespont on the Gallipoli peninsula. The houses date to the late eighth to early sixth century bc. The material from Maydos is evaluated in comparison with the nearby site of Troy (Ilion) and situated within the wider context of developments in the north-eastern Aegean region during the Late Geometric to Early Archaic periods. From the mid-eighth to the mid-seventh century, a cultural koine existed in the north-eastern Aegean, shown by the strong similarities in material culture among the sites in the region. Troy was most probably a large regional centre, while Maydos functioned as a smaller settlement within this network. The power and influence of this koine declined or was replaced in the mid-seventh century, when there was a sudden influx of Ionian-style ceramics at Maydos, around the same time that Troy experienced a destruction. The patterns of cultural interactions changed with the establishment of Greek (primarily Ionian and Athenian) colonies on both sides of the Hellespont during the second half of the seventh to the early sixth century.

scholarly journals A Gripping Tail: Re-interpreting the Archaic Potnia Theron Schema

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Emily Simons
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Greek Religion ◽  
Early Archaic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Bronze Age

<p>The Archaic Potnia Theron schema depicts a central female figure grasping an animal in each hand. She is often associated with the goddess Artemis. Yet, evidence from the early Archaic period indicates that she was not yet associated with the goddess. The identity of the schema has been the subject of a number of studies, and the connection of the figure with Artemis is well ingrained in scholarship. The identification of the figure as Artemis relies heavily on a brief description from Pausanias’s Perigesis, and the epithet Ποτνία Θηρῶν given to Artemis once in the Iliad (Hom. Il. 21.470). Furthermore, the image was later attributed to the goddess Artemis on account of her affiliations to wild animals. However, this thesis investigates the identification of the figure and examines the evidence (or lack thereof) for the attribution of the figure to Artemis in the Archaic period.  Chapter One will investigate the Potnia Theron schema and its use in the Bronze Age. It will consider the possible contribution that the Bronze Age schema may have had on the image in the Archaic period, acknowledging possible influence from the Near East. It will also discuss problems with Archaic source material, the fluidity of Archaic Greek religion, and the characteristics of the Archaic Potnia Theron schema. Chapter Two will analyse the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia in Sparta as the main case study for the use of the Archaic schema in a sanctuary context. The chronology at the site, and its examples of the schema make it particularly useful for this investigation. Chapter Three will follow with an analysis of the schema on items lacking contexts, as it was used for decorative purposes on vases, jewelry, and plaques. Finally, Chapter Four will examine the role of Artemis, how the Potnia Theron pose has since been interpreted to represent the goddess. This thesis will determine when the schema became associated with Artemis and investigate evidence for its use prior to this association.</p>

Triticum Taxon of British School and Soviet School in the Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Chi Yen ◽  
Junliang Yang ◽  
Zhongwei Yuan ◽  
Shunzong Ning ◽  
Dengcai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Soviet School ◽  
British School
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