scholarly journals The Neuroscience of Information Sharing

2019 ◽  
pp. 284-307
Author(s):  
Christin Scholz ◽  
Emily B. Falk
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Computational Social Science ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Share Information

Information sharing is a core human activity that catalyzes innovation and development. Recent advances in neuroscience reveal information about the psychological mechanisms that drive sharing, with a particular focus on self-relevance, social cognition, and subjective value. Based on these insights, this chapter proposes a structural model of the neurocognitive and psychological processes that drive sharing decisions, called value-based virality. Further, it maps existing knowledge about neural correlates and moderators of thought processes linked to individual and population-level sharing events and outcomes and suggests avenues for future investigation. Finally, the chapter discusses the potential of the neuroscience of information sharing to interact productively with other methodological traditions such as computational social science. Initial neuroimaging studies of information sharing provide insights into psychological mechanisms that were previously inaccessible. With the development of more realistic experimental setups and multimethod designs, future efforts promise advances toward a unifying theory of why and how people share information.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Value Are Intrinsically History Dependent

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangil Lee ◽  
Caryn Lerman ◽  
Joseph W. Kable
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Efficient Coding ◽  
Decision Neuroscience ◽  
History Effects ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Prediction Approach

AbstractA central finding in decision neuroscience is that BOLD activity in several regions, including ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, is correlated with the subjective value of the option being considered, and that BOLD activity in these regions can predict choices out of sample, even at the population-level. Here we show, across two different decision making tasks in a large sample of subjects, that these BOLD value-correlates are intrinsically history dependent. If the subjective value of the previous offer was high, the signal on the current trial will be lower, and vice versa. This kind of history dependency is distinct from previously described adaptation or repetition suppression effects, but instead is of the form predicted by theories of efficient coding such as time-dependent cortical normalization. In terms of practical application, since value-based choice behavior does not exhibit the same history dependence, neural prediction studies may exhibit systematic errors without accounting for history effects. The data-driven, interpretable, whole-brain prediction approach we use to identify history effects also illustrates one way to adjust predictions for neural history dependency.

Considering Others’ Mental States Causally Increases Feelings of Social Bonding and Information Sharing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Baek ◽  
Diana Tamir ◽  
Emily B. Falk
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Health News ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Share Information ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Mentalizing System

Information sharing is a ubiquitous social behavior. What causes people to share? Mentalizing, or considering the mental states of other people, has been theorized to play a central role in information sharing, with higher activity in the brain’s mentalizing system associated with increased likelihood to share information. In line with this theory, we present novel evidence that mentalizing causally increases information sharing. In three pre-registered studies (n = 400, 840, and 3500 participants), participants who were instructed to consider the mental states of potential information receivers indicated higher likelihood to share health news compared to a control condition where they were asked to reflect on the content of the article. Certain kinds of mentalizing were particularly effective; in particular, considering receivers’ emotional and positive mental states, led to the greatest increase in likelihood to share. The relationship between mentalizing and sharing was mediated by feelings of closeness with potential receivers. Mentalizing increased feelings of connectedness to potential receivers, and in turn, increased likelihood of information sharing. Considering receivers’ emotional, positive, and inward-focused mental states was most effective at driving participants to feel closer with potential receivers and increase sharing. Data provide evidence for a causal relationship between mentalizing and information sharing and provide insight about the mechanism linking mentalizing and sharing. Taken together, these results advance theories of information sharing and shed light on previously observed brain-behavior relationships.

scholarly journals Model of health information sharing behavior among patients in cervical cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Ragil Tri Atmi
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Health Information Sharing ◽  
Sharing Behavior ◽  
Share Information

Cervical cancer is the second highest cause of death for women in Indonesia, despite a deadly illness, patients with cervical cancer are not desperate to survive. Instead, they are motivated to undertake positive actions, one of which is to do health informtion sharing or share information on environmental health tersekatnya. This study aims to look at how the patterns of behavior of sharing health information on cervical cancer patients, as well as the motive behind their actions the health information sharing. This study uses the method of qualitative research grounded approach. Location of the study conducted in Surabaya, while the search for informants researchers used snowball sampling. The results from this study is there are different behavior patterns of health information sharing among cervical cancer patients who have been diagnosed with advanced cervical cancer with cervical cancer at an early stage level.

scholarly journals Pricing Strategies of Multichannel Apparel Supply Chain Based on Showrooming and Information Sharing

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Shanshan Wang ◽  
Tian Luo ◽  
Daofang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Forecast Error ◽  
Forecast Accuracy ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Clothing Industry ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Information Barriers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Share Information

This paper examines the influence of information forecast accuracy on the profits of the supply chain under the circumstance of a multichannel apparel supply chain. Due to the emergence of multichannel, customer showrooming behavior is becoming increasingly prevalent. For example, consumers usually buy garments online after experiencing the service in the traditional bricks and mortar in the clothing industry. Meanwhile, there are often information barriers between the manufacturer and the retailer, which will affect enterprise decision-making. To solve these problems, this paper mainly investigates the information sharing and customer showrooming phenomenon, which includes four models: no information sharing without showrooming model (NN), information sharing without showrooming model (SN), no information sharing with showrooming model (NS), and information sharing with showrooming model (SS). The numerical analysis shows that under the impact of the forecast error, information sharing between channel members is more favorable than no information sharing when parameters satisfy certain conditions. From the perspectives of the retailer, the manufacturer, and the whole supply chain, customer showrooming behavior will bring them less profit. These conclusions mean that the retailer should share information with the manufacturer and adjust their service level and sales price to alleviate the effect of showrooming.

scholarly journals Black Lives, Green Books, and Blue Checks

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (GROUP) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Shamika Klassen ◽  
Sara Kingsley ◽  
Kalyn McCall ◽  
Joy Weinberg ◽  
Casey Fiesler
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Safety Information ◽  
Black Diaspora ◽  
Digital Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
Open Coding ◽  
Green Book ◽  
Share Information

The Negro Motorist Green Book was a publication that offered resources for the Black traveler from 1936 to 1966. More than a directory of Black-friendly businesses, it also offered articles that provided insights for how best to travel safely, engagement with readers through contests and invitations for readers to share travel stories, and even civil rights advocacy. Today, a contemporary counterpart to the Green Book is Black Twitter, where people share information and advocate for their community. By conducting qualitative open coding on a subset of Green Book editions as well as tweets from Black Twitter, we explore similarities and overlapping characteristics such as safety, information sharing, and social justice. Where they diverge exposes how spaces like Black Twitter have evolved to accommodate the needs of people in the Black diaspora beyond the scope of physical travel and into digital spaces. Our research points to ways that the Black community has shifted from the physical to the digital space, expanding how it supports itself, and the potential for research to strengthen throughlines between the past and the present in order to better see the possibilities of the future.

Information Sharing, Holdup, and External Finance: Evidence from Private Firms

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 3075-3104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Bird ◽  
Stephen A Karolyi ◽  
Thomas G Ruchti
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Estimation Bias ◽  
Private Firms ◽  
Proprietary Costs ◽  
External Finance ◽  
Financing Costs ◽  
Loan Financing ◽  
Editorial Decision ◽  
Share Information

Abstract To mitigate holdup by an informed incumbent lender, a private borrower may publicly share information in order to increase lender competition. Despite proprietary costs, a subset of private borrowers voluntarily share private information in loan and credit underwriting agreements. These borrowers switch lenders at a 16% higher rate and receive lower loan financing costs. For private firms that go public, we analyze changes in the net benefits of information sharing and study the potential estimation bias from unobservable borrower quality. This setting corroborates our inference that voluntary information sharing reduces lender holdup and alleviates financial constraints for private firms. Received May 25, 2017; editorial decision August 8, 2018 by Editor David Denis.

Clinical efficacy and psychological mechanisms of an app-based digital therapeutic for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Roy ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hoge ◽  
Pablo Abrante ◽  
Susan Druker ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms

BACKGROUND Current treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) yield suboptimal outcomes, partly because of insufficient targeting of underlying psychological mechanisms (e.g. avoidance reinforcement learning). Mindfulness training (MT), has shown efficacy for anxiety, yet widespread adoption has been limited, in part due to difficulty in scaling in-person-based delivery. Digital therapeutics are emerging as potential next-generation treatments, yet very few have been empirically validated. OBJECTIVE In this study, we tested the efficacy and mechanism of an app-delivered MT that was designed to target aberrant reinforcement learning. METHODS Individuals with GAD were randomized to receive Treatment as Usual (TAU, n=33) or TAU + app-delivered MT (n=28). Treatment-related changes in outcomes were assessed 1 and 2 months after treatment initiation. RESULTS In an intent-to-treat analysis, individuals in the MT group demonstrated a significant reduction in anxiety (GAD-7) relative to control (median (IQR) change in GAD-7: -8.5 (6.5) v. -1.0 (5.0), P<.001; 95% CI 6 to 10). Increases in mindfulness (non-reactivity subscale) mediated decreases in worry (PSWQ; P=.02), and decreases in worry mediated reductions in anxiety (P=.03). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report studying the efficacy and mechanism of app-delivered MT for GAD. These findings demonstrate the clinical efficacy of MT delivered as a digital therapeutic for individuals with anxiety (Number Needed to Treat=1.6). These results also link recent advances in our mechanistic understanding of anxiety with treatment development, showing that app-delivered MT targets key reinforcement learning pathways resulting in tangible, clinically-meaningful reductions in worry and anxiety. Evidence-based, mechanistically-targeted digital therapeutics have the potential to improve health on a population level at low cost. CLINICALTRIAL Developing a Novel Digital Therapeutic for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (NCT03683472). URL - https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03683472?term=judson+brewer&draw=2&rank=1

Sharing Demand Information with Retailer Under Upstream Competition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Jain
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Substitutable Products ◽  
Downward Pressure ◽  
Demand Information ◽  
Intensity Of Competition ◽  
Share Information

We analyze demand information sharing collaboration between two manufacturers and a retailer under upstream competition. The manufacturers produce partially substitutable products, which are stocked by the retailer that sells them in the market characterized by random demand. The manufacturers are privately informed about uncertain demand and decide on whether to share this information with the retailer. We show that by not sharing information, a manufacturer ends up distorting its wholesale price upward to signal its private information to the retailer, and under upstream competition, this distortion is propagated to the competing manufacturer. Thus, although a manufacturer’s decision to not share information may benefit or hurt its own profit, this always benefits the competing manufacturer. Under low intensity of competition, signaling-driven distortions exacerbate double marginalization and hurt all parties, whereas under more intense competition, these distortions help manufacturers offset downward pressure on wholesale prices. Thus, in equilibrium similarly informed manufacturers share information in the former case but not in the latter case. Additionally, when manufacturers differ in their information accuracies, only the better-informed manufacturer shares information. The retailer always benefits from both manufacturers sharing information, and its benefits are larger when the better-informed manufacturer shares information. We show existence of a contracting mechanism the retailer can employ to enable information sharing. Finally, we analyze manufacturers’ information acquisition decisions and find that under competition, two manufacturers acquire minimal information so that they are better off not sharing information in the information sharing game. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Saks ◽  
Barbara A. Spellman
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Psychological Understanding ◽  
Trial Judges ◽  
Rules Of Evidence ◽  
Evidence Rules ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Rules of evidence are designed to facilitate trials by controlling what evidence may be presented at trial. Those rules came into being, and evolved over time, due to changes in trial process and structure – especially following the rise of adversarial procedure, whereby control over the marshaling and presentation of facts shifted from judges to lawyers. Refinements and reforms continue to be undertaken to try to improve the scope and clarity of the rules. Trial judges must not only apply the rules, they also have the discretion to make rulings in light of their expectations of the impact they think the evidence will have on jurors. This task involves metacognition: one human trying to estimate the thought processes of others. Thus, evidence rulemakers have been and are, effectively, applied psychologists. The rules of evidence reflect their understanding of the psychological processes affecting, and capabilities and limitations of witnesses, lawyers and jurors. Psychological research and methods provide an additional source of insight and assistance in that endeavor. Better psychological understanding should lead to more effective rules. Psychologists typically employ the scientific method: empirically testing hypotheses in an effort to discover which are valid understandings of how people perceive, store, and retrieve information. To evaluate evidence rules, one could conduct experiments directly on a rule, or borrow from existing knowledge developed in basic research and see whether those understandings support existing or proposed evidence rules.

The Issue of Trust and Information Sharing and the Question of Public Private Partnerships

2013 ◽  
pp. 258-276
Author(s):  
David Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Fundamental Level ◽  
Share Information

Whatever their focus, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) require that a fundamental level of trust be established between the partners in order to have any chance of success. In parallel with trust, there is also a need to share information between partners, which must be carried out in a controlled and secure manner. This chapter examines the need for and the effectiveness of PPPs, the likely participants in them, and how incentives might be used to encourage their participation. The chapter also discusses the nature both of trust and information sharing, and how they are can be an enabler in both setting up and running PPPs.

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