Primaries, Conventions, and Other Methods for Nominating Candidates

2019 ◽  
pp. 432-451
Author(s):  
Gilles Serra
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
Primary Elections ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time

The way political parties select their candidates should be considered a fundamental topic in political science. In spite of being profoundly consequential in several regards, candidate selection methods were understudied for a long time in the academic literature. A renewed awareness of the implications of different nomination rules, along with an increased use of primary elections around the world, has accelerated this research in the last two decades. This chapter reviews the main areas of inquiry regarding candidate selection as reflected in contemporary research. It surveys the most recent literature asking four broad questions about candidate selection methods: What types are there? What consequences do they have? What are their origins? What questions can be formulated for future research? The chapter aims to convey that research on candidate selection is important, growing, and full of open questions.

A Synthesis of Fraud-Related Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 287-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Trompeter ◽  
Tina D. Carpenter ◽  
Naman Desai ◽  
Keith L. Jones ◽  
Richard A. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Internal Controls ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fraud Triangle ◽  
Fraudulent Financial Reporting ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Fraud Risk ◽  
Corporate Governance Mechanisms

SUMMARY We synthesize academic literature related to fraudulent financial reporting with dual purposes: (1) to better understand the nature and extent of the existing literature on financial reporting fraud, and (2) to highlight areas where there is need for future research. This project extends the work of Hogan et al. (2008), who completed a similar synthesis project, also sponsored by the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association, in 2005. We synthesize the literature related to fraud by examining accounting and auditing literature post-Hogan et al. (2008) and by summarizing relevant fraud literature from outside of accounting. We review publications in accounting and related disciplines including criminology, ethics, finance, organizational behavior, psychology, and sociology. We synthesize the research around a model that illustrates the auditor's approach to fraud. The model incorporates auditors' use of the fraud triangle (i.e., management's incentive, attitude, and opportunity to commit fraud), their assessment of the existence and effectiveness of the client's anti-fraud measures (e.g., corporate governance mechanisms and internal controls), and their consideration of possible fraud schemes and concealment techniques when making an overall fraud risk assessment of the client. The model further illustrates how auditors can incorporate this assessment into an overall strategy to detect fraud by implementing appropriate fraud-detection procedures. We summarize the recent literature of each component of the model and suggest avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Writing the Political History of the Republic of Slovenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-41
Author(s):  
Jure Gašparič
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political History ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
European Context ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Times

The author focuses on the issue of researching and writing the political history of the Republic of Slovenia after its independence in 1991. After his introductory assessment that ever since the beginning people have not trusted politicians and political parties, he focuses on the question of how people have acted throughout this time, how the political institutions have been developing, and how they have been adapting to the world and the times which have changed radically in the last twenty five years. First the author presents numerous dilemmas and methodological peculiarities of the issue at hand (the problem of historical distance, the sensibility of the activity, the uncontrollable and specific sources), and then he proceeds to describe the possible approaches and methods of meeting this challenge. In the second part of the contribution the author sums up the findings resulting from his own research of this period (about the polarisation, personalisation, medialisation and informalisation of politics), placing them into the wider European context. Furthermore, he also outlines the challenges for future research.

scholarly journals Servants of two (or more) masters: Accounting for the complexity of intraparty candidate selection methods

2022 ◽  
pp. 135406882110606
Author(s):  
Or Tuttnauer ◽  
Gideon Rahat
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
The Political ◽  
Continuous Measure ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Large N ◽  
Coding Strategies ◽  
Cross National

Intraparty candidate selection methods are the drivers of many topics of interest to political scientists. Their operationalization, however, is made complicated because they tend to involve multiple selectorates that differ in their levels of inclusiveness and centralization and that play various roles within the process. This complexity poses a challenge for large- n comparative studies. Drawing on the Political Parties DataBase Round Two to analyze candidate selection methods in 184 parties from 35 democracies, we highlight the inadequacy of the currently available measures to correctly account for this complexity in large- n studies and offer improvements on this front. Specifically, we propose a continuous measure of inclusiveness that better captures the complexity of candidate selection methods and a new measure of complexity to facilitate future analyses into this feature. We recommend that scholars in other cross-national projects consider adopting similar or improved coding strategies in order to better capture these complexities.

Appealing to Diverse Electorates in the United States

2019 ◽  
pp. 257-277
Author(s):  
David M. Searle ◽  
Marisa Abrajano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Campaign Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
Socialization Processes ◽  
Scant Attention

As electorates around the world become increasingly diverse, addressing how electoral persuasion emerges is a major concern. Focusing on the United States, this chapter explores the campaign strategies used by candidates to persuade, mobilize, and target diverse voters. It begins by conducting an exhaustive review of the existing research. After doing so, the chapter concludes that there is still much to be done and highlights particular aspects ripe for future research. In particular, scant attention has been paid to the ways candidates, political parties, and outside groups target African Americans and the extent to which they are persuaded or mobilized by these efforts. A similar need exists with respect to the campaign strategies used to target Asian Americans. Critically, it is important to know whether the electoral tactics, long proven effective for white Americans also work in the same way for voters with distinct political experiences and socialization processes. The remainder of the chapter offers future avenues and directions for scholars wishing to better understand how electoral persuasion operates in diverse electorates.

scholarly journals The democratizing effects of multilateral organizations: a cautionary note on the WTO

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-507
Author(s):  
MANFRED ELSIG
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cautionary Note ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Politics ◽  
Long Time

AbstractThe field of international relations has been obsessed with democracy and democratization and its effects on international cooperation for a long time. More recently, research has turned its focus on how international organizations enhance democracy. This article contributes to this debate and applies a prominent liberal framework to study the ‘outside-in’ effects of the World Trade Organization. The article offers a critical reading of democratization through IO membership. It provides for an assessment of the dominant framework put forward by Keohane et al. (2009). In doing so, it develops a set of empirical strategies to test conjectured causal mechanisms with respect to the WTO, and illustrates the potential application by drawing on selected empirical evidence from trade politics. Finally, it proposes a number of analytical revisions to the liberal framework and outlines avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Candidate Selection Methods, Cooperation and Legislative Effectiveness

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Osnat Akirav
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political System ◽  
Party System ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Cooperative Strategies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Party Support ◽  
Legislative Effectiveness

This study investigates whether differences in candidate selection methods and/or the changes in the Israeli political system affect cooperation between parliament members and whether such cooperation explains legislative effectiveness. To examine these issues, we discuss different types of cooperative strategies using a scale we devised that defines three options for cooperation: 1) uncooperative, 2) cooperation within the party and 3) cooperation between parties. Then, we categorize the various methods that Israeli political parties have used to select their candidates since the establishment of the state, creating four categories of a variable we call the effect of the primaries. Additionally, we consider differences in four periods of changes in the Israeli party system. Finally, we assess the results of cooperation in light of our dependent variable, legislative effectiveness, using data from 1949 to 2015. Our findings indicate that the majority of bills passed without cooperation, but when cooperative strategies were used, they usually involved inter-party rather than intra-party support. Furthermore, the adoption of primaries reduced the probability of passing bills. In addition, when one party was dominant, 68% of the representatives initiated legislation alone, while during the multi-polar fragmented period 41.9% cooperated with legislators from other parties.

Candidate selection methods and electoral performance in comparative perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-84
Author(s):  
Giulia Vicentini
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
Primary Elections ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Weak Negative Correlation ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Electoral Performance

AbstractThe purpose of the article is try to assess whether inclusive procedures of selection are more likely to appoint a candidate who can be competitive in the general elections compared with less inclusive ones. Accordingly, I took into account nomination processes (NPs) to select/appoint the prime ministerial/presidential candidate for general elections held in four Western European countries (France, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom) over approximately the last two decades. Using an original data source and innovative indicators, I assessed the inclusiveness of each NP and the party/candidate’s performance in the following general election in order to look for a possible relation. The outcome shows a very weak negative correlation between the two variables. Thus, while it does not appear that inclusive systems of selection have a clear positive impact at the electoral level, it is likewise hard to maintain that systems such as primary elections cause electoral failure.

Political Parties and Candidate Selection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Rahat ◽  
William P. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Party System ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Country Level

Candidate selection is about the decisions political parties make regarding who to put forward as candidates under their label for general elections. Beyond being the function that differentiates parties from other political groupings (especially considering the decline in parties’ performance of their other traditional functions), candidate selection is crucial for understanding power relations within parties, the composition of parliaments, and the behavior of elected officials. It also has an impact on the quality of democracy, especially with regard to the values of participation, competition, responsiveness, and representation. Candidate selection methods vary according to certain parameters. The two most important ones are the level of inclusiveness of the selectorate(s) (the body or bodies that choose the candidates) and their relative level of centralization. Beyond the few cases in which state laws define the process, the nature of candidate selection methods is influenced by various country-level factors, such as the electoral system and national political culture, as well as by party-level characteristics, such as party ideology. Reform of candidate selection methods occurs as a result of general developments, such as party change or personalization, party system developments, such as electoral defeat, and intraparty struggles. Although candidate selection is no longer “the secret garden of politics,” research still faces various obstacles. Consequently, the level of scholarly development is less advanced than the parallel study of electoral systems and their political consequences.

Democracy within parties: Electoral consequences of candidate selection methods in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406882110410
Author(s):  
Consolata R Sulley
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Electoral Outcomes ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Voting Procedures ◽  
The Media ◽  
Selection And Appointment ◽  
Significant Attention

A large body of literature exists around the study of elections. What often goes unnoticed, however, is that elections take place between and within parties. While the former has received significant attention, the latter has not. This is true of African elections generally, and Tanzanian elections specifically. This study examines one important aspect of intra-party democracy – the process of candidate selection. Particular attention is paid to the electoral outcomes of selection methods in two purposively selected political parties in Tanzania, the ruling Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and the opposition Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (CHADEMA). Based on an examination of party nomination rules, electoral observation reports, the media, and stakeholder interviews, I argue that candidate selection methods in both parties are, by design, undemocratic. Non-restrictive candidacy requirements, exclusive selectorates, centralised selection and appointment, rather than democratic voting procedures, dominate selection processes. Undemocratic candidate selection has affected the share of votes and seats received by both parties in elections.

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