Appealing to Diverse Electorates in the United States

2019 ◽  
pp. 257-277
Author(s):  
David M. Searle ◽  
Marisa Abrajano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Campaign Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
Socialization Processes ◽  
Scant Attention

As electorates around the world become increasingly diverse, addressing how electoral persuasion emerges is a major concern. Focusing on the United States, this chapter explores the campaign strategies used by candidates to persuade, mobilize, and target diverse voters. It begins by conducting an exhaustive review of the existing research. After doing so, the chapter concludes that there is still much to be done and highlights particular aspects ripe for future research. In particular, scant attention has been paid to the ways candidates, political parties, and outside groups target African Americans and the extent to which they are persuaded or mobilized by these efforts. A similar need exists with respect to the campaign strategies used to target Asian Americans. Critically, it is important to know whether the electoral tactics, long proven effective for white Americans also work in the same way for voters with distinct political experiences and socialization processes. The remainder of the chapter offers future avenues and directions for scholars wishing to better understand how electoral persuasion operates in diverse electorates.

Questions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Gibson ◽  
Michael J. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The U.S

We have investigated the differences in support for the U.S. Supreme Court among black, Hispanic, and white Americans, catalogued the variation in African Americans’ group attachments and experiences with legal authorities, and examined how those latter two factors shape individuals’ support for the U.S. Supreme Court, that Court’s decisions, and for their local legal system. We take this opportunity to weave our findings together, taking stock of what we have learned from our analyses and what seem like fruitful paths for future research. In the process, we revisit Positivity Theory. We present a modified version of the theory that we hope will guide future inquiry on public support for courts, both in the United States and abroad.

Racial and Political Dynamics of an Approaching “Majority-Minority” United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 677 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen A. Craig ◽  
Julian M. Rucker ◽  
Jennifer A. Richeson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Political Outcomes ◽  
Essential Questions ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Demographic Shifts ◽  
Projected Changes

Do demographic shifts in the racial composition of the United States promote positive changes in the nation’s racial dynamics? Change in response to the nation’s growing diversity is likely, but its direction and scope are less clear. This review integrates emerging social-scientific research that examines how Americans are responding to the projected changes in the racial/ethnic demographics of the United States. Specifically, we review recent empirical research that examines how exposure to information that the United States is becoming a “majority-minority” nation affects racial attitudes and several political outcomes (e.g., ideology, policy preferences), and the psychological mechanisms that give rise to those attitudes. We focus primarily on the reactions of members of the current dominant racial group (i.e., white Americans). We then consider important implications of these findings and propose essential questions for future research.

On the essentials of drought in a changing climate

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 368 (6488) ◽  
pp. 256-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby R. Ault
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
The World

Droughts of the future are likely to be more frequent, severe, and longer lasting than they have been in recent decades, but drought risks will be lower if greenhouse gas emissions are cut aggressively. This review presents a synopsis of the tools required for understanding the statistics, physics, and dynamics of drought and its causes in a historical context. Although these tools have been applied most extensively in the United States, Europe, and the Amazon region, they have not been as widely used in other drought-prone regions throughout the rest of the world, presenting opportunities for future research. Water resource managers, early career scientists, and veteran drought researchers will likely see opportunities to improve our understanding of drought.

Black and White Homicide Differentials

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
DARNELL F. HAWKINS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Life

Rates of homicide among blacks in the United States have been consistently higher than those of white Americans and of other American nonwhites. Subculture of violence theory has been the most widely accepted explanation for these differences. In this article, I argue that subculture theory ignores or underemphasizes a variety of historical-structural, situational, and economic factors that might explain high rates of black homicide. Seldom examined is the behavior of the law. Three theoretical propositions are offered as guides for future research. These propositions suggest that (1) the historical devaluing of black life, (2) official responses of the criminal justice system to prehomicide behavior among blacks, and (3) the direct effects of economic deprivation are important causal factors.

Update on Iron Chelators in Thalassemia

Hematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (1) ◽  
pp. 451-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellis J. Neufeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
The United States ◽  
Iron Chelators ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Compassionate Use ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

Abstract Over the past four decades, there have been dramatic improvements in survival for patients with thalassemia major due in large measure to improved iron chelators. Two chelators are approved for use in the United States and Canada, parenteral deferoxamine and oral deferasirox. Three are available in much of the rest of the world, where oral deferiprone is also approved (in the United States, deferiprone is only available in studies, for emergency use, or on a “compassionate-use” basis). Many trials and worldwide clinical experience demonstrate that each of the three drugs can chelate and remove iron, and thereby prevent or improve transfusional hemosiderosis in thalassemia patients. However, the chelators differ strikingly in side-effect profile, cost, tolerability and ease of adherence, and (to some degree) efficacy for any specific patient. The entire field of chelator clinical trials suffers from the fact that each drug (as monotherapy or in combination) has not been tested directly against all of the other possibilities. Acknowledging the challenges of assessing chelators with diverse properties and imperfect comparative data, the purpose of this review is to summarize the last 4 years of studies that have improved our understanding of the applications and limitations of iron chelators in various settings for thalassemia patients, and to point out areas for much-needed future research.

Influence of religiosity and studying law on college students’ punitive attitudes in China

2020 ◽  
pp. 174889582095124
Author(s):  
Doris C Chu ◽  
Michael A Cretacci ◽  
Yandong Gao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Punitive Attitudes ◽  
Criminal Justice Students ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

A number of studies in the United States examine the impact of religiosity on attitudes towards various types of criminal sanctioning. Research seems to indicate that more conservative denominations and faiths have a more punitive preference for criminal sanctions. Previous studies have also examined these attitudes between criminal justice and non-criminal justice students. While this area of inquiry has drawn attention in the United States, only scant attention has been paid to this phenomenon in other countries. To the best of our knowledge, no study has addressed this issue in China and our research seeks to serve as a foundation for examining this topic in that country. Using data collected from students attending universities in China, we examine the relationship between respondents’ religiosity and their punitive attitudes. We also compare the punitive attitudes between law and non-law majors. Findings indicate that students with higher levels of religious behaviour were less likely to support the death penalty. In addition, law majors were found to be less likely to endorse severe sentences. Suggestions for future research are discussed.

Cold-Blooded and Badass

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel T Cesar ◽  
Scott H. Decker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Street Crime ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Reports

Carjacking is a bold crime characterized by unpredictability and danger. Media reports have identified carjackings throughout the world, and estimates suggest 34,000 occur annually in the United States alone. Research with active offenders has examined carjacking in the context of US street crime, but official reporting inconsistencies and a focus on instrumental motivations hinder a more comprehensive understanding of this crime. The lack of a theoretical framework to analyze the decision-making behaviors of carjackers further complicates the development of effective means to deal with carjacking. With this in mind, this chapter synthesizes the current literature about carjacking and then integrates that synthesis with van Gelder’s “hot/cool” approach to offender decision making. It concludes with a discussion of the implications of this framework for carjacking policy and prevention, and it suggests directions for future research.

Examining Public Opinion About LGBTQ-Related Issues in the United States and Across Multiple Nations

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 401-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Adamczyk ◽  
Yen-Chiao Liao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Public Opinion Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Partial Relation

Over the last three decades, many countries across the world, including the United States, have experienced major increases in support for LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) individuals and related issues. In partial relation to these changes, multiple studies have examined the factors shaping public opinion. In this review, we focus on four major areas of research on public opinion in this field of study. First, we assess the terms that scholars typically use when examining attitudes and highlight the areas of public opinion research that have received the most attention. Second, we focus on the data and measurement challenges related to examining attitudes in the United States and across many nations. Third, we consider how and why attitudes and related laws have changed over time and across nations. Finally, we discuss the major micro and macro empirical forces that influence and the theoretical explanations for why there are such differences in attitudes. We end by offering several suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals The Unceasing Significance of Colorism: Skin Tone Stratification in the United States

Daedalus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-90
Author(s):  
Ellis P. Monk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Past Century ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Life Chances

Abstract For many decades now, social scientists have documented immense ethnoracial inequalities in the United States. Much of this work is rooted in comparing the life chances, trajectories, and outcomes of African Americans to White Americans. From health to wealth and nearly every measure of well-being, success, and thriving one can find, White Americans remain ahead of Black Americans. What this focus on ethnoracial inequality between “groups” obscures, however, is long-standing skin tone inequality within groups. In this essay, I trace the trajectory of colorism and skin tone stratification in the United States over the past century. Next, I high-light the contemporary persistence of skin tone stratification, not only among African Americans, but among Latinx and Asian Americans as well. I conclude by arguing that future research on colorism will be essential to understand comprehensively the significance of race/ethnicity in a demographically shifting United States (such as immigration and “multiraciality”).

What Is Family Diversity? Objective and Interpretive Approaches

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1407-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Harris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Family Diversity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference

This article differentiates two ways of understanding family diversity— objectively and interpretively. The search for objective diversity is rooted in the assumption that there are many different kinds of families in the United States and around the world; the search for interpretive diversity is rooted in the assumption that any given “family” may be described in different, often contradictory ways. These divergent assumptions can lead relatively objective or interpretive scholars to produce divergent analyses, even as they use seemingly identical concepts to address similar explanatory concerns. Recognizing the difference between objective and interpretive family diversity can help illuminate the distinctive contributions of existing scholarship and open up potential avenues for future research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document