John’s Apocalypse in Relation to Johannine, Pauline, and Other Forms of Christianity in Asia Minor

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-201
Author(s):  
Paul Trebilco
Keyword(s):  
Asia Minor ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
John's Gospel ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mixed Reaction ◽  
John's Apocalypse

Revelation was addressed to seven churches in western Asia Minor. What John writes in Revelation shows us that there are a range of differing viewpoints in these seven churches. One group that is present is the Nicolaitans, to whom John is adamantly opposed. Paul founded churches in western Asia Minor, and 1–2 Timothy informs us that the Pauline tradition continued in the area. It is likely that John’s Gospel and 1–2–3 John were written in Ephesus. This raises the question of the relationship between Revelation and other forms of Christianity, including the Johannine and Pauline traditions. This will be considered by looking at the issues of acculturation, assimilation and accommodation, eating idol-meat, attitudes to imperial rule, material possessions and leadership and the locus of authority in Revelation, 1–2 Timothy and 1–2–3 John. Overall, it is argued that John writes to Christians of a variety of persuasions and that he anticipates that he will receive a mixed reaction from his readers.

scholarly journals Archaeological Evidence of the Relationship of the Cimmerians with the Phrygian and Lydian Kingdoms in the 7th c. B.C.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г.В. Чочиев
Keyword(s):  
Asia Minor ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Excavation Work ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

В статье предпринята попытка обзора результатов раскопочных работ последних десятилетий, связанных с активностью киммерийцев в центральной и за- падной Малой Азии. Несмотря на то, что недавние исследования ставят под сомнение некоторые сообщения античных авторов о роли киммерийцев в военно-политических процессах в регионе в VII в. до н. э., в частности факт захвата и разрушения ими Гордио- на, выявленные к настоящему времени во фригийских и лидийских центрах артефакты в сочетании со следами интенсивного фортификационного строительства указыва- ют на критическую важность кочевнического фактора и серьезность созданной им для местных цивилизаций угрозы в рассматриваемый период. The article attempts to review the results of excavation work of recent decades related to the activity of the Cimmerians in central and western Asia Minor. Despite the fact that recent studies cast doubt on some reports of ancient authors about the role of the Cimmerians in the military and political processes in the region in the 7th c. B.C., particularly the fact of the capture and destruction of Gordion by them, artifacts found to date in the Phrygian and Lydian centers in combination with traces of intensive fortifi cation construction indicate the critical importance of the nomadic factor and the seriousness of the threat it created for local civilizations during the period under review.

6. Priene

2018 ◽  
pp. 93-112
Author(s):  
Peter Thonemann
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

In the mid-4th century bc, the small Greek city of Priene was founded in the Maeander river valley in western Asia Minor. It flourished for around 250 years, before the city’s harbours were sealed by silt from the Maeander. Most of the known Greek inscriptions and public documents (civic decrees, honorific statue-bases, letters from Hellenistic kings) from Priene date from the 1st century bc or earlier and provide an exceptionally clear and vivid picture of life in the Hellenistic city. ‘Priene’ focuses on this perfectly preserved example of an ordinary small Hellenistic town. It outlines the planning of the city, the relationship that the citizens had with the Hellenistic kings, and the changing patterns of social change.

Geography and History in Western Asia Minor in the Second Millennium B.C.

1968 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 169-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Macqueen
Keyword(s):  
Asia Minor ◽  
General Direction ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Relationship

Any examination of the geography of western Asia Minor in the second millennium B.C. must begin with the accounts of two campaigns—(a) that of Mursilis II against Arzawa, and (b) that of a Hittite king (probably also Mursilis, but perhaps Muwatallis), against the Lukka-lands and Millawanda. In each case the route followed by the Hittite army is given:Two things are clear from these accounts. First, the campaigns start off in the same general direction, as they both pass through Sallapa. Secondly, after Sallapa they diverge. There are no names beyond Sallapa common to the two, and there is no suggestion that all the later names in each list must be closely grouped in neighbouring areas reached by a common long march from Hattusas. But it is worthwhile, I think, to try to establish more closely the relationship between the two routes, and to build up a pattern in the hope that it can be applied to existing geographical and archaeological considerations.

‘I Will Give to Each of You as Your Works Deserve’: Witchcraft Accusations and the Fiery-Eyed Son of God in Rev 2.18–23

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Duff
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Son Of God ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

The Revelation of John presents to its readers a scenario that describes the oppression and persecution of the early Christian communities of western Asia Minor by external pagan forces (specifically, the Roman government). Later Christian tradition tied the Apocalypse to the later years of the reign of Domitian and consequently dubbed that emperor a second Nero. Until relatively recently, this scenario has been affirmed by both the church and the academy. However, mid-twentieth century scholarship successfully challenged the validity of this viewpoint, based upon a review of the historical evidence. Since that time, scholars have scrambled to reconcile the historical world lying behind the Apocalypse with the narrative world presented by the text. Such figures as James A. T. Robinson, Adela Yarbro Collins, and Leonard Thompson have considerably advanced the discussion in our time. However, these recent attempts to detail the relationship between Christianity and pagan society have so dominated the attention of scholars that a serious discussion of the tensions within the Asia Minor Christian communities has been largely neglected. The present study is offered as a partial corrective to this trend.

scholarly journals Royal Polis Policy in the Seleukid Heartland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Christopher Mark de L'isle
Keyword(s):  
Free Association ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Full Independence ◽  
City States ◽  
The Relationship

<p>In the Hellenistic Period most of the Greek poleis (city-states) came under the control of the Greco-Macedonian kings. The ideology of the poleis, which stressed the importance of autonomy, conflicted with the reality of royal domination. In Western Asia Minor, this conflict was resolved by presenting the relationship between king and polis as one of free association, in which the poleis were allowed a large amount of autonomy. The kings used ideas of reciprocity to tie the poleis to them and worked to make their rule as amenable as possible, while the poleis of Western Asia Minor continued to aspire to complete independence.  This was not the only possible resolution of the conflict between polis autonomy and royal dominance, however. In the Seleukid heartland of Syria and Mesopotamia the Seleukids founded and maintained new poleis. By means of names, myths, and symbols, the identities of these poleis were closely linked to the Seleukid dynasty. As a result, expressions of polis identity were expressions of loyalty to the dynasty, rather than of opposition. Their internal structures were based around an alliance between the royally-appointed epistatēs and the magistrates of the city, who represented a small civic elite. Royal support was thus important to the internal power structure of these poleis.  The poleis of the Seleukid heartland did not pursue full independence, even when the Seleukid royal power collapsed at the end of the Hellenistic period because, entirely unlike the poleis of Western Asia Minor, submission to a higher power was a central part of their identities and internal structures.</p>

scholarly journals Royal Polis Policy in the Seleukid Heartland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Christopher Mark de L'isle
Keyword(s):  
Free Association ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Full Independence ◽  
City States ◽  
The Relationship

<p>In the Hellenistic Period most of the Greek poleis (city-states) came under the control of the Greco-Macedonian kings. The ideology of the poleis, which stressed the importance of autonomy, conflicted with the reality of royal domination. In Western Asia Minor, this conflict was resolved by presenting the relationship between king and polis as one of free association, in which the poleis were allowed a large amount of autonomy. The kings used ideas of reciprocity to tie the poleis to them and worked to make their rule as amenable as possible, while the poleis of Western Asia Minor continued to aspire to complete independence.  This was not the only possible resolution of the conflict between polis autonomy and royal dominance, however. In the Seleukid heartland of Syria and Mesopotamia the Seleukids founded and maintained new poleis. By means of names, myths, and symbols, the identities of these poleis were closely linked to the Seleukid dynasty. As a result, expressions of polis identity were expressions of loyalty to the dynasty, rather than of opposition. Their internal structures were based around an alliance between the royally-appointed epistatēs and the magistrates of the city, who represented a small civic elite. Royal support was thus important to the internal power structure of these poleis.  The poleis of the Seleukid heartland did not pursue full independence, even when the Seleukid royal power collapsed at the end of the Hellenistic period because, entirely unlike the poleis of Western Asia Minor, submission to a higher power was a central part of their identities and internal structures.</p>

“Beholding the Man”: Viewing (or is it Marking?) John’s Trial Scene alongside Kitsch Art

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-264
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Devotional Art ◽  
The People ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
Ecce Homo ◽  
Small Stories ◽  
John's Gospel ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Point Of Departure

One of the grand scenes of the Passion narratives can be found in John’s Gospel where Pilate, presenting Jesus to the people, proclaims “Behold the man”: “Ecce Homo.” But what exactly does Pilate mean when he asks the reader to “Behold”? This paper takes as its point of departure a roughly drawn picture of Jesus in the “Ecce Homo” tradition and explores the relationship of this picture to its referent in John’s Gospel, via its capacity as kitsch devotional art. Contemporary scholarship on kitsch focuses on what kitsch does, or how it functions, rather than assessing what it is. From this perspective, when “beholding” is understood not for what it reveals but for what it does, John’s scene takes on a very different significance. It becomes a scene that breaks down traditional divisions between big and small stories, subject and object as well as text and context. A kitsch perspective opens up possibilities for locating John’s narrative in unexpected places and experiences. Rather than being a two-dimensional departure from the grandeur of John’s trial scene, kitsch “art” actually provides a lens through which the themes and dynamics of the narrative can be re-viewed with an expansiveness somewhat lacking from more traditional commentary.


Greek Tyrants and the Persians, 546–479 B.C.

1990 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Austin
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Western Asia

The word ‘tyrant’ was not originally Greek, but borrowed from some eastern language, perhaps in western Asia Minor. On the other hand, tyranny as it developed in the Greek cities in the archaic age would seem to have been initially an indigenous growth, independent of any intervention by foreign powers. It then became a constantly recurring phenomenon of Greek political and social life, so long as the Greeks enjoyed an independent history.

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