The History of (Crime) Ethnography

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-39
Author(s):  
Luca Berardi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
Ethnographic Methods ◽  
Intellectual Traditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Crime And Deviance ◽  
Broad Overview ◽  
History Of Crime

This chapter provides a broad overview of the history and use of ethnography as a tool for studying crime and deviance. It traces the development of ethnographic methods, including participant observation, from ancient times to the present, exploring how early-twentieth-century anthropologists and sociologists, First and Second Chicago School ethnographers, and scholars from a variety of intellectual traditions have shaped, problematized, and codified ethnography—leaving us with some of the most canonical studies of crime and deviance in the process. This chapter serves as an historical steppingstone for the remainder of the handbook, highlighting some of the most influential people, places, studies, and movements that have shaped how contemporary crime ethnographers understand and practice their craft.

Of Ears and Norms

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-74
Author(s):  
Leonardo Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
History Of ◽  
Level Meter

This chapter focuses on several attempts to mobilize sound-politics via a range of techniques, devices, and national and international standards. I consider how experts have managed to stabilize two central actors: ears and norms. In the early twentieth century, experts generated the “average normal ear,” which I call Ear 1.0, the first actor. The second actor is the sound level meter, the Ear 2.0, a black box responsible for emulating Ear 1.0 and conveying reliable quantified information. As other authors have already traced the fascinating history of the stabilization of Ears 1.0 and 2.0 in the early twentieth century, I simply summarize some of these debates. The second section focuses on the Brazilian Technical Standards Association (ABNT). In the 2010s, experts faced the daunting task of revising two technical standards for assessing environmental noise. As I show, drawing on participant observation, interviews, and minutes of meetings between 2011 and 2017, this task was difficult because these revisions involved the input of groups with different interests and different understandings of what a technical standard should do.

scholarly journals Sobre la observación participante en la Escuela de Chicago: un análisis de las monografías fundacionales

2017 ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Javier Santos ◽  
Juan Ignacio Piovani ◽  
María Eugenia Rausky
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
Technical Aspect ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
History Of

ResumenLa idea de una Escuela Sociológica de Chicago en el período de entreguerras ha resultado persistente –en el marco de una interpretación que podríamos considerar clásica– bajo el supuesto lugar privilegiado que ésta tuvo en el desarrollo de los métodos cualitativos de investigación social (en general) y de la observación participante (en particular). Sin embargo, algunos de los autores que han avanzado en la reconstrucción de la historia de los métodos de investigación sociológica han cuestionado que se trate de métodos cualitativos en el sentido actual, presentando así una interpretación revisionista de la Escuela y de sus aportes metodológicos.Teniendo en cuenta esta tensión entre interpretaciones clásicas y revisionistas, en este artículo nos proponemos caracterizar las prácticas de investigación de campo (fieldwork) desplegadas en las monografías chicaguenses (tesis doctorales) que luego serían tomadas como hitos fundacionales de la observación participante sociológica por parte de los mentores de la interpretación clásica.Estas prácticas observacionales aplicadas en la investigación empírica de Chicago son interpretadas a partir de dos dimensiones: por una parte desde el punto de vista instrumental/operativo (técnico), recurriendo a la tipología desarrollada por Gold (1958) en su célebre artículo sobre los roles de observación y participación. Por otra parte, desde el punto de vista teórico-epistemológico, teniendo en cuenta su relación con supuestos objetivistas/cientificistas o interpretativos/cualitativos.Esta doble dimensión del análisis (epistemológico/técnico) permite mediar entre las versiones clásicas y revisionistas de la Escuela de Chicago, destacando la aplicación pionera en este contexto de técnicas análogas (al menos superficialmente) a la moderna observación participante (aspecto técnico), pero fundamentadas en general a partir de postulados objetivistas y cientificistas, y no en el marco de las concepciones interpretativas que en la actualidad dan sustento a la investigación cualitativa (aspecto epistemológico).Palabras clave: Escuela de Chicago, Metodología cualitativa, Obervación ParticipanteAbstractThe idea of a Sociological School of Chicago during the interwar period has been persistent –from a perspective that could be considered classical–, under the assumption that it had a special place in the development of qualitative methods of social research (in general) and of participant observation (in particular). However, some authors that focused on the history of sociological research methods have contested the idea that it developed qualitative methods in the modern sense, presenting a revisionist interpretation of the School and its methodological contributions.Given this tension between traditional and revisionist interpretations, this paper examines the practices of field research (fieldwork) portrayed in the Chicagoans’ monographs (doctoral thesis) that were later taken as foundational landmarks of sociological participant observation by the mentors of the above-mentioned classical interpretation.These observational practices applied in empirical investigations conducted by Chicagoans are analyzed from two dimensions: on one hand from the instrumental/operational (technical) standpoint, using the typology developed by Gold (1958) in his famous article on the roles of observation and participation. On the other hand, from the theoreticalepistemological perspective, taking into account their relationship with objectivist/scientistic or either interpretive/qualitative assumptions.This double dimension of analysis (epistemological/technical) allows to mediate between the classical and revisionist versions of the Chicago School, highlighting its pioneering application of research techniques at least superficially similar to modern participant observation (technical aspect), but based on objectivist and scientistic principles, and not on the kind of interpretative concepts that currently support qualitative methodology (epistemological aspect).Key words: Chicago School, Qualitative Methodology, Participant Observation 

The Middle East in World History

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Obert Voll
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
World History ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Other World ◽  
Specific Label ◽  
Broad Region

This article describes the role of the Middle East in world history. The Middle East is both a strategic concept and a geo-cultural region. As a concept and a specific label of identification, it is a product of analysts writing about twentieth-century world affairs. However, as a region, its peoples and cultures are associated with the history of humanity from ancient times. This regional name itself shapes a way of understanding the history of the broad region of Southwestern Asia and Northern Africa. Both of the terms in the name — ‘Middle’ and ‘East’ — identify the region in relationship to other world regions and reflect the importance of the region's involvement in broader global historical processes. Along with examining the history of the region, the discussion also notes how the concepts of the historical units involved in that history have changed in the presentations of the history of the Middle East.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Uma Maheswari Bhrugubanda
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Ethnographic Methods ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Indian Cinema ◽  
The Third ◽  
Religion And Media ◽  
History Of ◽  
Film Texts

The introduction outlines a genealogy of how cinema and other media created new cultural contexts and new cultural subjects in the twentieth century India, thereby transforming religion and producing the hybrid figure of the citizen–devotee. The first section presents conceptual debates on secularism, citizenship, religion and media, embodiment and affect that frame this study. The second section is a detailed account of the mythological and devotional genres in Indian cinema and the predominant critical frameworks. The third focuses on the history of Telugu cinema tracing the different performative traditions and oral and printed texts that form a basis for these genres. It argues that both cinema technology and new political contexts mediate existing texts and traditions significantly. The final section describes the historical and ethnographic methods adopted in the study and the range of materials—film texts, publicity material, interviews, memoirs, and biographies of film-makers—used.

Richard Wright and the Black Metropolis: From the Great Migration to the Urban Planning Novel

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-680
Author(s):  
Bo McMillan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
Great Migration ◽  
Paul Laurence Dunbar ◽  
Native Son ◽  
Black Metropolis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Great Migration

Abstract Early twentieth-century Black literature on the city from the likes of Paul Laurence Dunbar, James Weldon Johnson, and Nella Larsen pondered questions of what it meant to be Black and urbane and also how to reformulate Black identity from a new position removed from the violent history of the South. While hints of criticism toward northern segregation appeared in those early works, Richard Wright’s Native Son (1940) offered the first intensive prognostication and condemnation of the ad hoc, discriminatory, and de facto system of segregation appearing in cities like Chicago in response to the Great Migration and used Wright’s informal study of sociology with the Chicago school to animate its project. Native Son, for all of its flaws, first considered how narrative can help explain and unspool the “neutral and egalitarian” guise behind the truly discriminatory urban planning-related practices and policies—from real estate to neighborhood covenants to zoning—that grew up with the start of the twentieth century and that continue to impact American cities through today.

The History of Neonatal Resuscitation

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanette Zaichkin ◽  
Thomas Wiswell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
Newborn Resuscitation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times

Attempts at human resuscitation date back to ancient times. Most strategies for resuscitation focused on adults until the early 1800s, when newborn resuscitation captured the interest of noted practitioners. The most promising techniques and strategies for neonatal resuscitation were developed during the latter part of the twentieth century. This article examines the key components of neonatal resuscitation and the discoveries that stimulated the development of current neonatal resuscitation practices.

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