The Role of Defense in Shaping U.S. Intelligence Reform

2010 ◽  
pp. 628-639
Author(s):  
James R. Clapper
Keyword(s):  
Critical Factor ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Intelligence Reform ◽  
The Future ◽  
Defense Intelligence

This article discusses the intelligence-reform movement since the 9/11 attack. It particularly places emphasis on Defense Intelligence reforms. The article also explores the role of the Defense Intelligence in shaping and implementing law and executive guidance and policy. It also discusses how long-term, trusted relationships between key intelligence officials in place during 2007 to 2008 were a critical factor in events moving successfully through a number of contentious policy issues. The article ends with some views on the future directions of research in this field in order to bring the intelligence-reform movement to fruition.

The Future of Relational Aggression, and Final Remarks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie M. Ostrov ◽  
Sarah M. Coyne
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Future ◽  
Aggression Subtypes

The rapid escalation of research on the development of relational aggression and related constructs has been truly remarkable. Our volume is designed to fill a void in the literature and focus on the development of relational aggression. We conclude this volume by first reviewing some of the key points and implications from the prior chapters. Next, we discuss five future directions for the field: (1) conducting long-term longitudinal studies and adopting a lifespan perspective, (2) striving for advances in methods and technology, (3) using advanced statistics to address collinearity and co-occurrence among aggression subtypes, (4) exploring the role of other forms of aggression, and (5) embracing replication. Finally, we provide some concluding thoughts.

Cognitive Treatment for OCD

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen L. Whittal ◽  
Melisa Robichaud
Keyword(s):  
Term Treatment ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Cognitive Treatment ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Inflated Responsibility ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Of Thoughts

The cornerstone of cognitive treatment (CT) for OCD is based upon the knowledge that unwanted intrusions are essentially a universal experience. As such, it is not the presence of the intrusion that is problematic but rather the associated meaning or interpretation. Treatment is flexible, depending upon the nature of the appraisals and beliefs, but can include strategies focused on inflated responsibility and overestimation of threat, importance and control of thoughts, and the need for perfectionism and certainty. The role of concealment and the relationship to personal values are important maintaining and etiological factors. The short-term and long-term treatment outcome is reviewed, along with predictors of treatment response and mechanisms of action, and the chapter concludes with future directions regarding CT for OCD.

Forty years of rural reform in China: retrospect and future prospects

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiwen Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural Reform ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government

Purpose Bottlenecked by rural underdevelopment, China’s overall development is bound to be inadequate and unbalanced. Through a brief retrospect of the reform directed against the “equalitarianism (egalitarianism)” in China’s rural areas, as well as the Chinese Government’s conceptual transformation and systemic construction and improvement thereof, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the panoramic significance of rural reform; the necessity, priority, and long-term nature of the current rural development; and the important role of public policy in doing so. It also looks ahead to consider the prospects for future rural reform. Design/methodology/approach This paper first reviews the rural reforms that were carried out in 1978. Second, it introduces the government’s conceptual change regarding rural reform and the establishment and improvement of the system that underlies it. Finally, the future of rural reform is envisaged. Findings The initial rural reforms brought extensive and profound changes to China’s rural areas. The experience of rural reform has been referred to and escalated by other fields of study. Hence, rural reforms have become something of global significance. Moreover, since the government can undertake reforms well beyond the reach of farmers, its views must be modified in a timely manner, and only then may it reasonably construct and improve the system pertaining to the “three rural issues (agriculture, rural areas, and farmers).” Originality/value This paper reviews the rural reforms carried out in 1978. It introduces the government’s change of concept with respect to rural reforms and the establishment and improvement of the system based on the “three rural issues,” thus looking forward to the future of rural reforms. The findings of this paper are of significance to the formulation of future agricultural policies.

scholarly journals Trusted Partners: Human-Machine Teaming and the Future of Military AI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Konaev ◽  
Tina Huang ◽  
Husanjot Chahal
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Future ◽  
The U.S

As the U.S. military integrates artificial intelligence into its systems and missions, there are outstanding questions about the role of trust in human-machine teams. This report examines the drivers and effects of such trust, assesses the risks from too much or too little trust in intelligent technologies, reviews efforts to build trustworthy AI systems, and offers future directions for research on trust relevant to the U.S. military.

scholarly journals Dysbiosis From a Microbial and Host Perspective Relative to Oral Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Cugini ◽  
Narayanan Ramasubbu ◽  
Vincent K. Tsiagbe ◽  
Daniel H. Fine
Keyword(s):  
Oral Disease ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
The Future ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Oral Microbiology ◽  
Immunological Research

The significance of microbiology and immunology with regard to caries and periodontal disease gained substantial clinical or research consideration in the mid 1960's. This enhanced emphasis related to several simple but elegant experiments illustrating the relevance of bacteria to oral infections. Since that point, the understanding of oral diseases has become increasingly sophisticated and many of the original hypotheses related to disease causality have either been abandoned or amplified. The COVID pandemic has reminded us of the importance of history relative to infectious diseases and in the words of Churchill “those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it.” This review is designed to present an overview of broad general directions of research over the last 60 years in oral microbiology and immunology, reviewing significant contributions, indicating emerging foci of interest, and proposing future directions based on technical advances and new understandings. Our goal is to review this rich history (standard microbiology and immunology) and point to potential directions in the future (omics) that can lead to a better understanding of disease. Over the years, research scientists have moved from a position of downplaying the role of bacteria in oral disease to one implicating bacteria as true pathogens that cause disease. More recently it has been proposed that bacteria form the ecological first line of defense against “foreign” invaders and also serve to train the immune system as an acquired host defensive stimulus. While early immunological research was focused on immunological exposure as a modulator of disease, the “hygiene hypothesis,” and now the “old friends hypothesis” suggest that the immune response could be trained by bacteria for long-term health. Advanced “omics” technologies are currently being used to address changes that occur in the host and the microbiome in oral disease. The “omics” methodologies have shaped the detection of quantifiable biomarkers to define human physiology and pathologies. In summary, this review will emphasize the role that commensals and pathobionts play in their interaction with the immune status of the host, with a prediction that current “omic” technologies will allow researchers to better understand disease in the future.

Philosophical Impediments to Citizens’ Use of Science

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Baron
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Nature Of Science ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Moral Rules

This chapter discusses three impediments to proper use of science in the creation of public policy. First, citizens and policymakers follow moral rules other than those that involve consequences, yet the main role of science in policy is to predict outcomes. Second, citizens believe that their proper role is to advance their self-interest or the interest of some narrow group, thus ignoring the relevance of science to policy issues that affect humanity now and in the future. Third, people fail to understand the nature of science as grounded in actively open-minded thinking, thus giving it an advantage over some alternative ways of forming beliefs.

Systemic lupus erythematosus—management

2013 ◽  
pp. 938-947
Author(s):  
Ida Dzifa Dey ◽  
David Isenberg
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
General Management ◽  
Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease ◽  
The Future

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease with varied presentation and a disease course characterized by remission and flares. Over the last 50 years the prognosis of SLE has improved considerably. The introductions of corticosteroids and later of cytotoxic drugs, dialysis, and renal transplantation were the major contributors to this improvement. Nevertheless, the treatment and general management of lupus continues to present a challenge. While lupus may, for some patients, represent a relatively mild set of problems, many others require large doses of immunosuppressive drugs, which carry long-term concerns about side effects. New immunotherapeutic drugs, with actions more closely targeted to the immune cells and molecules involved in the pathogenesis of SLE, are being introduced and the future looks promising. The role of early atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease as a cause of death in patients with SLE is increasingly recognized and will present further challenges in the future.

scholarly journals Critical Race Media Literacy for These Urgent Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Tara J. Yosso
Keyword(s):  
Media Literacy ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Critical Race ◽  
White Supremacist ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Future

Tara J. Yosso reflects on the genealogies of her research on visual microaggressions and the future directions for critical race media literacy scholarship. She identifies a need for sustained attention in three areas: (1) intentionality of racial imagery, and recognition of media as pedagogy; (2) the role of history and the continuities of racial scripts applied against different groups; and (3) contestations of the White supremacist project across generations.

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