Psychological Assessment: Socioeconomic Status Counseling Social Class

Selection practices in education, such as tracking, may represent a structural obstacle that contributes to the social class achievement gap. We hypothesized that school’s function of selection leads evaluators to reproduce social inequalities in tracking decisions, even when performance is equal. In two studies, participants (students playing the role of teachers, N = 99, or preservice and in-service teachers, N = 70) decided which school track was suitable for a pupil whose socioeconomic status (SES) was manipulated. Although pupils’ achievement was identical, participants considered a lower track more suitable for lower SES than higher SES pupils, and the higher track more suitable for higher SES than lower SES pupils. A third study ( N = 160) revealed that when the selection function of school was salient, rather than its educational function, the gap in tracking between social classes was larger. The selection function of tracking appears to encourage evaluators to artificially create social class inequalities.

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Life-course socioeconomic differences and social mobility in preventable and non-preventable mortality: a study of Swedish twins

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyz042 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 1701-1709 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Malin Ericsson ◽

Nancy L Pedersen ◽

Anna L V Johansson ◽

Stefan Fors ◽

Anna K Dahl Aslan

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Social Class ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Social Mobility ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Life Time ◽

Socioeconomic Differences ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Preventable Mortality

Abstract Background Despite advances in life expectancy, low socioeconomic status is associated with a shorter lifespan. This study was conducted to investigate socioeconomic differences in mortality by comparing preventable with non-preventable causes of death in 39 506 participants from the Swedish Twin Registry born before 1935. Methods Childhood social class, own education, own social class and social mobility were used as separate indicators of socioeconomic status. These data were linked to the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Cause of death was categorized as preventable or non-preventable mortality according to indicators presented in the Avoidable Mortality in the European Union (AMIEHS) atlas. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we tested the association between the socioeconomic measures and all-cause mortality, preventable mortality and non-preventable mortality. Additional co-twin control analyses indicated whether the associations reflected genetic confounding. Results The social gradient for mortality was most prominent for the adult socioeconomic measures. There was a social gradient in both preventable mortality and non-preventable mortality, but with an indication of a moderately stronger effect in preventable causes of death. In analyses of social mobility, those who experienced life-time low socioeconomic status (SES) or downward social mobility had an increased mortality risk compared with those with life-time high SES and upward social mobility. Adjustments for genetic confounding did not change the observed associations for education, social class or social mobility and mortality. In the co-twin control analyses of reared-apart twins, the association between childhood social class and mortality weakened, indicating possible genetic influences on this association. Conclusions Our results indicate that there is an association between low adult socioeconomic status and increased mortality independent of genetic endowment. Thus, we do not find support for indirect social selection as the basis for mortality inequalities in Sweden

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Social Class and Test Performance: Comparative Validity of the Peabody with the WISC and WISC-R for Two Socioeconomic Groups

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1977.40.1.139 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 139-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Alan S. Appelbaum ◽

June M. Tuma

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Social Class ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Test Performance ◽

Concurrent Validity ◽

Socioeconomic Group ◽

Ability Level ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Socioeconomic Groups ◽

And Performance

Comparability of IQs yielded by the Peabody and the revised Wechsler scale, the WISC-R, is important to interpret IQ estimates obtained from these two scales. In the present study, 40 normal 10-yr.-old children (20 male and 20 female, half of whom were from high and half from low socioeconomic status) were compared for performance on the Peabody, the WISC and the WISC-R. IQs obtained on Forms A and B of the Peabody correlate highly and, thus, the two Peabody forms are essentially parallel and equivalent forms. Concurrent validity coefficients ranging from .71 to .83 were obtained between the Peabody IQs and Verbal and Full Scale IQs of the WISC and the WISC-R. Much lower validity coefficients were obtained between the Peabody and Performance IQs of the WISC and the WISC-R. Large differences in IQ between children from low socioeconomic backgrounds and those from high socioeconomic backgrounds were obtained on all four tests. The Peabody IQs were closer in magnitude to the WISC-R IQs than to the WISC in the low socioeconomic group. The results support administering the Peabody to children for obtaining valid IQ estimates. Interpretations of Peabody scores in relation to the WISC-R should be somewhat different from those of the Peabody and the WISC, however, in view of the effects of socioeconomic status (and therefore ability level) on estimates of IQ.

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Black Consciousness and Political Participation: The Missing Link

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1962160 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 76-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 227

Author(s):

Richard D. Shingles

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Social Class ◽

Political Participation ◽

Political Process ◽

Black Americans ◽

Political Efficacy ◽

Black Consciousness ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

Politically Active

Recent research has demonstrated that black Americans are far more politically active than whites of similar socioeconomic status. The difference has been related to black consciousness. Yet the reasons for this relationship have not been adequately explained. Starting with the work of Gurin and Gamson, this article theorizes that black consciousness contributes to political mistrust and a sense of internal political efficacy which in turn encourages policy-related participation. The relationship between the two attitudes and policy-related behavior is demonstrated to be conditional. The conditions favor blacks more than whites. What I shall call the Gamson-Gurin thesis is supported by data from Verba's and Nie's 1967 survey of the American public. The thesis, and its derivations, prove useful in clarifying the scope and nature of black participation in the American political process as well as helping us to understand how individuals in general select one mode of participation over another and how the choice varies by race and social class.

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