Social Class and Test Performance: Comparative Validity of the Peabody with the WISC and WISC-R for Two Socioeconomic Groups

Comparability of IQs yielded by the Peabody and the revised Wechsler scale, the WISC-R, is important to interpret IQ estimates obtained from these two scales. In the present study, 40 normal 10-yr.-old children (20 male and 20 female, half of whom were from high and half from low socioeconomic status) were compared for performance on the Peabody, the WISC and the WISC-R. IQs obtained on Forms A and B of the Peabody correlate highly and, thus, the two Peabody forms are essentially parallel and equivalent forms. Concurrent validity coefficients ranging from .71 to .83 were obtained between the Peabody IQs and Verbal and Full Scale IQs of the WISC and the WISC-R. Much lower validity coefficients were obtained between the Peabody and Performance IQs of the WISC and the WISC-R. Large differences in IQ between children from low socioeconomic backgrounds and those from high socioeconomic backgrounds were obtained on all four tests. The Peabody IQs were closer in magnitude to the WISC-R IQs than to the WISC in the low socioeconomic group. The results support administering the Peabody to children for obtaining valid IQ estimates. Interpretations of Peabody scores in relation to the WISC-R should be somewhat different from those of the Peabody and the WISC, however, in view of the effects of socioeconomic status (and therefore ability level) on estimates of IQ.

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Life-course socioeconomic differences and social mobility in preventable and non-preventable mortality: a study of Swedish twins

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyz042 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 1701-1709 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Malin Ericsson ◽

Nancy L Pedersen ◽

Anna L V Johansson ◽

Stefan Fors ◽

Anna K Dahl Aslan

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Social Class ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Social Mobility ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Life Time ◽

Socioeconomic Differences ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Preventable Mortality

Abstract Background Despite advances in life expectancy, low socioeconomic status is associated with a shorter lifespan. This study was conducted to investigate socioeconomic differences in mortality by comparing preventable with non-preventable causes of death in 39 506 participants from the Swedish Twin Registry born before 1935. Methods Childhood social class, own education, own social class and social mobility were used as separate indicators of socioeconomic status. These data were linked to the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Cause of death was categorized as preventable or non-preventable mortality according to indicators presented in the Avoidable Mortality in the European Union (AMIEHS) atlas. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we tested the association between the socioeconomic measures and all-cause mortality, preventable mortality and non-preventable mortality. Additional co-twin control analyses indicated whether the associations reflected genetic confounding. Results The social gradient for mortality was most prominent for the adult socioeconomic measures. There was a social gradient in both preventable mortality and non-preventable mortality, but with an indication of a moderately stronger effect in preventable causes of death. In analyses of social mobility, those who experienced life-time low socioeconomic status (SES) or downward social mobility had an increased mortality risk compared with those with life-time high SES and upward social mobility. Adjustments for genetic confounding did not change the observed associations for education, social class or social mobility and mortality. In the co-twin control analyses of reared-apart twins, the association between childhood social class and mortality weakened, indicating possible genetic influences on this association. Conclusions Our results indicate that there is an association between low adult socioeconomic status and increased mortality independent of genetic endowment. Thus, we do not find support for indirect social selection as the basis for mortality inequalities in Sweden

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Properties of adult and adolescent mothers' speech, children's verbal performance and cognitive development in different socioeconomic groups: a longitudinal study

First Language ◽

10.1177/014272370202206503 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 173-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Véronique Lacroix ◽

Andrée Pomerleau ◽

Gérard Malcuit

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Cognitive Development ◽

Adolescent Mothers ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Free Play ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Socioeconomic Groups ◽

Form And Function ◽

Middle Socioeconomic Status ◽

And Function

The research analysed longitudinally the properties of maternal utterances and their relation with child's language and cognitive development. The sample consisted of 125 mother-child dyads divided in three groups: 32 adolescent mothers, 54 adult mothers of low socioeconomic status (LSES), and 39 adult mothers of middle socioeconomic status (MSES). The form and function of each mother's utterances to her child at 18, 30 and 36 months of age were evaluated during a free-play session in the laboratory. Results showed differences between the three groups in the properties of maternal utterances. Adolescent and adult LSES mothers used more utterances that controlled or directed what the child was doing, and fewer utterances that informed or questioned the child. During their second and third year of life, children from the MSES group obtained higher scores than children of adolescent and adult LSES mothers on measures of language and cognitive development. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the forms and functions of maternal utterances were important predictors of child development. Most importantly, the forms and functions of maternal utterances from 18 to 36 months explained 45% of the variance in the children's score on the Stanford-Binet.

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MEDICAL RESPONSIBILITY AND DRUG ADDICTION

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.34.2.155 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 155-156

Author(s):

Leon Eisenberg

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Social Class ◽

Young People ◽

Drug Addiction ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Behavior Patterns ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Medical Responsibility ◽

Full Participation ◽

American Society

The dismaying extent of addiction among young people, the complexity of its causation, and the grossly unsatisfactory results from current methods of management are all sharply posed in the accompanying review by Freedman and Wilson. This thoughtful condensation of the available literature may disappoint those looking for neat and simple formulations as to cause or cure. Easy slogans and hoary nostrums abound; they lack only facts to support them. The correlations between low socioeconomic status, membership in ethnic groups shut out from full participation in American society, and the prevalence of addictive practices point to social class factors as important determinants of the behavior patterns that eventuate in addiction; yet addiction is not universal among the disadvantaged and is being discovered to an increasing extent among privileged youth.

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Social Class is Dead. Long Live Social Class! Stereotype Threat among Low Socioeconomic Status Individuals

Social Justice Research ◽

10.1007/s11211-007-0047-7 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 418-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 93

Author(s):

Bettina Spencer ◽

Emanuele Castano

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Social Class ◽

Stereotype Threat ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Low Socioeconomic

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GAMBARAN STATUS KARIES MURID SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 48 MANADO BERDASARKAN STATUS SOSIAL EKONOMI ORANG TUA

e-GIGI ◽

10.35790/eg.1.2.2013.2621 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jeiska Triska Tulangow ◽

Ni Wayan Mariati ◽

Christy Mintjelungan

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Elementary School ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Economic Status ◽

Primary Data ◽

Socioeconomic Group ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Average Value ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

The Status

Abstract: Caries is a one cause of tooth loss. Caries occurs not only in adults but can occur in children. Tooth decay in children, can alter the growth of teeth at later ages. Socioeconomic status is one of the factors that affect health status, because the ends meet and to get a more desirable health care possible for socioeconomic group than in the low socioeconomic group. It is associated with a much greater interest in healthy living in higher socioeconomic groups that will influence health behavior. The purpose of this study is to get an overview of the status of caries Primary School pupil 48 Manado based on socio-economic status of parents. This research is a descriptive research. The study population was the disciple Elementary School 48 Manado aged 10-12 years, amounting to 83 people. study used total sampling. The primary data collection method is by examination of DMF-T and parents form an identity check. The results showed DMF-T index of 10-12 year olds in SDN 48 Manado has an average value of 3.38%. Highest percentage of respondents who are respondents had moderate caries status of the 23 people (27.7%) and respondents who had parents with secondary education are 61 people (73.5%) with the highest percentage of caries in caries rate is currently amounts to 18 people. Children with low socioeconomic status have the DMF-T index higher than children of high socioeconomic status. This shows the lower the socioeconomic level of parents of respondents, the higher the DMF-T index child. Keywords: caries, socio-economic status of parents, elementary school children. Abstrak: Karies merupakan salah satu penyebab hilangnya gigi. Kerusakan gigi pada anak, dapat merubah pertumbuhan gigi pada usia selanjutnya. Status sosial ekonomi merupakan salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi status kesehatan, sebab dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidup dan untuk mendapatkan tempat pelayanan kesehatan yang diinginkan lebih memungkinkan bagi kelompok sosial ekonomi tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok sosial ekonomi rendah. Hal ini dikaitkan dengan lebih besarnya minat hidup sehat pada kelompok sosial ekonomi tinggi sehingga akan memengaruhi perilaku hidup sehat. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan gambaran status karies murid Sekolah Dasar Negeri 48 Manado berdasarkan status sosial ekonomi orang tua. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif. Populasi penelitian ini yaitu murid Sekolah Dasar Negeri 48 Manado yang berusia 10-12 tahun yang berjumlah 83 orang. Sampel penelitian digunakan total sampling. Metode pengambilan data secara primer yaitu dengan pemeriksaan DMF-T dan formulir pemeriksaan identitas orang tua. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan indeks DMF-T anak usia 10-12 tahun di SDN 48 Manado memiliki nilai rata-rata 3,38%. Presentase responden terbanyak ialah responden yang memiliki status karies tingkat sedang yaitu 23 orang (27,7%) dan responden yang memiliki orang tua dengan tingkat pendidikan menengah yaitu 61 orang (73,5%) dengan presentase tingkat karies terbanyak yaitu pada tingkat karies sedang ialah berjumlah 18 orang. Anak dengan status sosial ekonomi rendah memiliki indeks DMF-T lebih tinggi dari anak yang status sosial ekonominya tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan semakin rendah tingkat sosial ekonomi orang tua responden, maka semakin tinggi indeks DMF-T anak. Kata kunci: karies, status sosial ekonomi orang tua, anak SD.

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Context Shapes Human Development

10.1093/oso/9780190492908.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Çiğdem Kağıtçıbaşı ◽

Zeynep Cemalcılar

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Social Class ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Change Theory ◽

Family Characteristics ◽

Family Change ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Context Shapes ◽

The Impact

This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on human behavior by studying the role of the distal environment on developmental processes. Social class, or more specifically socioeconomic status, is an all-encompassing context that has great significance in engulfing human phenomena. This chapter first reviews extant psychological literature on the deleterious effects of low social class on development and presents three studies as cases in point, demonstrating the significant impact of the context and contextual change on behavior. Kağıtçıbaşı’s theory of family change proposes three models of family: family of interdependence, family of independence, and family of emotional interdependence. Parenting, however, directly reflects family characteristics. Thus family change theory has led to a theory of the autonomous-related self. The chapter also presents research illustrating the impact of the objective environment and in particular the detrimental effects of low socioeconomic status on various developmental, social, and academic outcomes of Turkish samples.

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