Language Policy and Ideology

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
Language Ideologies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Special Administrative Region ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Modern Nation State

This chapter discusses language policies in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), including the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR since 1997) and Taiwan. The term “Greater China” refers to these three territories. Contemporary language policies in the region are driven by the need for, and play a vital role in, building a unified modern nation-state. The discussion notes that language policy is informed and shaped by language ideologies and attitudes, as well as by sociohistorical, geopolitical, and economic considerations. All three territories have witnessed drastic socioeconomic and political change since the last two decades of the twentieth century. Such transformations have undoubtedly left their impact on their languages and language policies.

Nation-Building Through Language Policy: The Chinese Experience

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabitha Daly
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Language Planning ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Continuous Group ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Language Reform ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic

In 1808, the German Romanticist Johann Fichte contended that "men are formed by language far more than language is formed by men." Following this and understanding that language is closely tied to personal identity, to what extent can language become a means to influencing identity and, through that, influencing actions? This presentation will look at the role that language played throughout twentieth century China by focusing on how language was employed as a nation-building instrument in China’s transformation from empire to nation-state by promoting a common identity where previously none had existed. This study looks at the case of China for it presents a continuous group of people affected by three different governments in less than a century, who experienced three different nationbuilding campaigns, where three different sets of language policies were applied. By looking at thelanguage policies and planning during the Republic of China from 1912-49, the Maoist People’s Republic of China during the 1950s, and the shift in policy in the 1970s and 1980s with Deng Xiaoping, I examine how and why language policy changed and how successful the policies were in affecting an idea of nation and national identity amongst China’s populations. By studying the motivations, aims, and consequencesof language planning this study leads to an understanding of why nations engage in language planning and acknowledges the power, or lack thereof, that deliberate language reform and policy can have ininitiating greater social and political change.

Field Theory and Global Transformations in the Long Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Julian Go
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Conceptual Apparatus ◽  
International Issues ◽  
Post War ◽  
Modern Nation State

This chapter explores how the Bourdieusian field theory can be deployed to make sense of global dynamics. It mentions international relations (IR) scholars that have enlisted Bourdieu in their analyses, applied his work to international issues, and taken certain concepts, such as habitus and practice, from his larger theoretical conceptual apparatus. It also focuses on three transformative processes or macro-historical turning points: the expansion of colonial empires during the phase of 'high imperialism', the two world wars, and the post-war end of formal colonial empires that heralded the rise to dominance of the modern nation state. The chapter maps the points of differentiation between field theory approaches and other approaches. It recognizes other key elements of Bourdieusian field theory, such as fields that consist of objective relations between actors and the subjective and cultural forms of those relations.

scholarly journals Language policy and multilingual practices in the family

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipak Tamang
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Language Ideologies ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Language Practices ◽  
Language Background ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Language

This paper discusses on how language policy, language ideologies, parental language planning and children’s role in the shaping of family language practices are associated in the multilingual practice context. The objective of this study was to explore the language policies focus on heritage language maintenance by negotiating and instantiating in parents-children interactions and contribution of children’s language practices to shape the family multilingualism in the process of socialization. I have used qualitative research design to collect the data in this study. Three participants from different language background were selected. The research participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview technique to collect the data. The study concluded that family members’ contribution to the shaping of family language practices and policies in daily life interactions is the most important and language ideologies play a vital role in language policy and language acquisition in the family of multilingual practice.

scholarly journals The policy and policing of language in schools

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Cushing
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Language Ideologies ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Partial Product ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Policy Language ◽  
Teacher Interviews ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Language Policing

ABSTRACTThis study investigates cases of language ‘policing’ as educational language policies, and the way that these are represented across different policy levels. Focusing on UK schools and using discursive approaches to language policy as a theoretical framework, I critically examine the motivations and justifications that institutions provide for designing and implementing policies whereby nonstandardised forms are ‘banned’, and how these are reported in metalinguistic discourse. Drawing on a range of data including media discourse, policy documents, teacher interviews and linguistic landscapes, I textually trace how educational language policies (re)produce prescriptive and linguicist ideologies, often using metaphors of crime, and often using language as a proxy for social factors such as academic achievement, employability, and standards. Overall, I argue that micro- and meso-level language policies are a partial product of the linguistic conservatism as found within current macro-level educational policy. (Language policy, language policing, schools, language ideologies)*

Post/Colonial Bach

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Yvonne Liao
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Special Administrative Region ◽  
European Perspective ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
City Hall ◽  
Administrative Region ◽  
British Colony ◽  
The City

This chapter contributes a new post-European perspective to Bach studies, re-examining J. S. Bach as a colonial import in Hong Kong in relation to its post/colonial condition across a British colony (1842–1997) and a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (1997–present). Based on its proposition of rethinking Europe “after Europe,” the chapter considers post/colonial Bach across three specific institutions: The Helena May, a colonial club originally for women members; the Anglican St John’s Cathedral in the early 1900s and “landmark churches” (i.e., declared monuments or listed buildings) in the 2010s; and the City Hall in the later decades of the twentieth century. The chapter concludes with some further thoughts on the symbolism of post/colonial Bach, extending from its significance for Bach studies to related matters of historiography.

Intellectual disability in Hong Kong: then and now

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Phyllis King Shui Wong
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Special Administrative Region ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Self Advocacy ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
British Colony ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

This chapter explores policy and practice in Hong Kong, and their impact on people with intellectual disabilities and their families. From a historical perspective, this development has consisted of three phases. Hong Kong, the world’s most populated area, remained a British colony until 1997, when it became a special administrative region of the People’s Republic of China. Early service provision began in the 1970s. This was followed by a so-called ‘golden period’ in the 1990s when it seemed that a new age of rights and family- and self-advocacy was dawning. From around the end of the twentieth century a worrying period of minimal progress and stagnation has threatened to submerge earlier gains. Life-stories reflect this trajectory from defiance and struggle in the early days, through the euphoria of progress and change, to the present state of anxiety as victory seems to appear in danger of receding.

Language Policy in the Republic of china

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 33-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kwock-Ping Tse
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Continuous Evolution ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic

This review has as its major scope language policy as it has been practied in the province of Taiwan of the Republic of China (ROC). Language policies of the nation from 1911 to 1949 (i.e., from the establishment of the republic in the Mainland to the time when the central goverment of the ROC moved to Taiwan) will also be reviewed as they bear significantly upon the current policies. The reason for this is quite obvious, since the current policies are the result of a continuous evolution of policies in the past. In the following sections three areas will be presented: 1) a brief sociolinguistic profile of the major and minority languages in the ROC; 2) the functional allocation of languages; 3) the language policies as actually practiced today.

scholarly journals Perceptions of invisible Zhuang minority language in Linguistic Landscapes of the People’s Republic of China and implications for language policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Grey
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Zhuang Language ◽  
Socially Situated

Abstract The article presents data from a 2013–2019 ethnography of Zhuang language policy to support an analysis of implications for language policy research and scholarship of findings about the (in)visibility of publicly displayed Zhuang. The analysis challenges core assumptions of language policy-making, advocacy and scholarship and explicates the general implications of this challenge beyond China, particularly for minority languages. The most important assumption that this article interrogates is that a written language on display will be recognised as that language by its speakers. Further, it argues that literacy, script, and other language policies impact on display policies and must work together; they do not in the Zhuang case. In making a case for language policy informed by ethnographic research, this article reviews the foundations of socially-situated analyses of Linguistic Landscapes. To galvanise further such research and articulate it to policy-makers, the article employs the term ‘lived landscape approach’.

scholarly journals A Consciousness of Streets: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Partition

2016 ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Maureen E. Ruprecht Fadem
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Michel Foucault ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Imagined Community ◽  
Political Modernity ◽  
Border Politics ◽  
Benedict Anderson ◽  
Modern Nation State

This largely speculative review historicises the current era of ‘Springs’ through the lens of partition. I offer a critique of political modernity and the modern nation-state through analysis of the turn to border politics in colonial conquests, decolonisation efforts, Cold War politics and other instances of international relations across the long twentieth century. The pervasiveness of such plans across late modernity marks the beginning of the end of the nation as a single, reifiable, imaginable structure. With Ireland as exemplar, I posit national dividedness —a generally underestimated paradigm shaping our time— as spurring a decline in state authority and a new, radical “consciousness of streets.” Together with other defining political structures, it participates in transforming the postmodern map of nation into a conflicted network, an imagined community as metropolitan circuit. I take recourse to theories of partition and nation and work by geographers, historians and postcolonial theorists including Joseph Cleary, Benedict Anderson, Monica Duffy Toft, Étienne Balibar and Michel Foucault.

Language Rights and Language Repression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen May
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Language Rights ◽  
Political Democracy ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Minority Language Rights ◽  
The World

Many historical and contemporary conflicts in the world today, while often ostensibly framed in ethnic terms, actually involve language—and by extension, language policy—as a key catalyst or concern. This chapter charts how the widespread practice of enforcing linguistic homogeneity within modern nations-states, based on the view that this will minimize ethnic and linguistic conflict, actually exacerbates it, forcing linguistic minorities increasingly into avenues and means of dissent. More broadly, it explores how this preoccupation with linguistic homogeneity at the level of the nation-state is an unhelpful artifact of a combination of the negative ascription of ethnicity, the politics of nationalism, and the promotion of an individualist conception of citizenship and human rights. It concludes by arguing that language policies that actively accommodate minority language rights are more, rather than less, likely to ensure political stability—promoting not just political democracy but ethnocultural and ethnolinguistic democracy as well.

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