History of Depression

2016 ◽  
pp. 10-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan V. Horwitz ◽  
Jerome C. Wakefield ◽  
Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Use Context ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

The symptoms that define depressive conditions have been recognized for millennia of medical history. The earliest Hippocratic writings not only define depression in similar ways as current works but also use context to differentiate ordinary sadness from depressive disorder. Sadness was understood as a natural reaction to loss; symptoms indicated a disorder only if they were not attributable to an identifiable trigger or if they displayed disproportionate intensity or duration to their triggers. The first serious approaches to subcategorize different types of depressive disorders developed in the seventeenth century. Despite agreement that a melancholic or psychotic form of depression existed, researchers debated the categorization of neurotic or nonpsychotic depressions until 1980 when the DSM- III introduced major depression as a unitary category. The DSM’s diagnostic system was historically anomalous because its diagnoses did not consider the context in which symptoms arose. The only exception within the DSM, for uncomplicated symptoms that follow bereavement, was removed from the DSM-5 in 2013 so that depressive diagnoses now thoroughly conflate adaptive responses to loss with pathological depressions.

Profiles of Psychosocial and Clinical Functioning in Adolescence and Risk for Later Depression

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M Olino ◽  
Daniel Klein ◽  
John Seeley
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Predictive Utility ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

Background: Most studies examining predictors of onset of depression focus on variable centered regression methods that focus on effects of multiple predictors. In contrast, person-centered approaches develop profiles of factors and these profiles can be examined as predictors of onset. Here, we developed profiles of adolescent psychosocial and clinical functioning among adolescents without a history of major depression. Methods: Data come from a subsample of participants from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project who completed self-report measures of functioning in adolescence and completed diagnostic and self-report measures at follow-up assessments up to approximately 15 years after baseline. Results: We identified four profiles of psychosocial and clinical functioning: Thriving; Average Functioning; Externalizing Vulnerability and Family Stress; and Internalizing Vulnerability at the baseline assessment of participants without a history of depression at the initial assessment in mid- adolescence. Classes differed in the likelihood of onset and course of depressive disorders, experience of later anxiety and substance use disorders, and psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Moreover, the predictive utility of these classes was maintained when controlling for multiple other established risk factors for depressive disorders. Conclusions: This work highlights the utility of examining multiple factors simultaneously to understand risk for depression.

Comorbid Depressive Disorders in Epilepsy

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (S4) ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres M. Kanner ◽  
Andrew J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Room ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Clonic Seizure ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Abnormal Signal ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Right ◽  
History Of Depression

A 27-year-old woman presented to the emergency room after having witnessed generalized tonic clonic seizure while asleep. Birth and development were normal. She had suffered a single febrile seizure at 13 months of age, but had no other seizure risk factors. She was otherwise well except for a history of depression for which she was taking sertraline. Depressive symptoms had been well controlled over the past 3 months, but she had been under increased stress working to finish a doctoral thesis. Neurological examination was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed modest asymmetry of the hippocampi, slightly smaller on the right, but no abnormal signal and well-preserved laminar anatomy. An electroencephalogram was negative. She was discharged from the emergency room with no treatment. Three weeks later, the patient's boyfriend witnessed an episode of behavioral arrest with lip smacking and swallowing automatisms lasting 45 seconds, after which the patient was confused for 20–30 minutes. The next morning she and her boyfriend kept a previously scheduled appointment with a neurologist.

Depressive Disorders: Update on Diagnosis, Etiology, and Treatment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle E. Bauer ◽  
Antonio L Teixeira ◽  
Marsal Sanches ◽  
Jair C. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Somatic Therapy ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Persistent Depressive Disorder

This review discusses the changes in the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), and recent findings exploring the etiology of and treatment strategies for these disorders. Depressive disorders are typically characterized by depression in the absence of a lifetime history of mania or hypomania. New developments in the DSM-5 include the recognition of new types of depressive disorders, such as disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, persistent depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and the addition of catatonic features as a specifier for persistent depressive disorder. These diagnostic changes have important implications for the prognosis and treatment of this condition. A thorough understanding of both the clinical phenotype and the biosignature of these conditions is essential to provide individualized, long-term, effective treatments to affected individuals.  This review contains 1 table and 52 references Key words: brain volumes, depressive disorders, DSM-5, hormones, inflammation, neuropeptides, somatic therapy, stress

The epidemiology of psychiatrist-ascertained depression and DSM-III depressive disorders Results from the Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey Clinical

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Romanoski ◽  
M. F. Folstein ◽  
G. Nestadt ◽  
R. Chahal ◽  
A. Merchant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Adverse Life Events ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Symptom Profiles ◽  
Examination Method ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
History Of

SynopsisPsychiatrists used a semi-structured Standardized Psychiatric Examination method to examine 810 adults drawn from a probability sample of eastern Baltimore residents in 1981. Of the population, 5·9% was found to be significantly depressed. DSM-III major depression (MD) had a prevalence of 1·1% and ‘non-major depression’ (nMD), our collective term for the other depressive disorder categories in DSM-III, had a prevalence of 3·4%. The two types of depression differed by sex ratio, age-specific prevalence, symptom severity, symptom profiles, and family history of suicide. Analyses using a multiple logistic regression model discerned that both types of depression were influenced by adverse life events, and that nMD was influenced strongly by gender, marital status, and lack of employment outside the home. Neither type of depression was influenced by income, education, or race. This study validates the concept of major depression as a clinical entity. Future studies of the aetiology, mechanism, and treatment of depression should distinguish between these two types of depression.

Antidepressant Medication May Moderate the Effect of Depression Duration on Hippocampus Volume

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Rogers ◽  
Hidenori Yamasue ◽  
Kiyoto Kasai
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
Treatment History ◽  
Left Hippocampus ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression ◽  
Hippocampus Volume

Abstract. Hippocampus volume has been frequently, but not universally reported to be reduced in people with major depression relative to age-matched healthy controls. Among the potential reasons for this discrepancy in finding across studies is the effect of antidepressant medication. Hippocampus volume was determined by MRI (1.5 Tesla) for 10 people diagnosed with major depression for who detailed history of depression and antidepressant treatment history were known, and 10 age-matched healthy controls with no history of depression. Left, but not right, hippocampus volumes were significantly smaller in the patient group compared to the controls. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation such that left hippocampus volume was smaller with increasing lifetime duration of depression. However, this relationship was moderated by a significant correlation such that greater lifetime duration of antidepressant medication was associated with larger left hippocampus volume. The findings support the contention that antidepressant medication may act to normalize hippocampus volume.

Depressive Disorders: Update on Diagnosis, Etiology, and Treatment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle E. Bauer ◽  
Antonio L Teixeira ◽  
Marsal Sanches ◽  
Jair C. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Somatic Therapy ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Persistent Depressive Disorder

This review discusses the changes in the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), and recent findings exploring the etiology of and treatment strategies for these disorders. Depressive disorders are typically characterized by depression in the absence of a lifetime history of mania or hypomania. New developments in the DSM-5 include the recognition of new types of depressive disorders, such as disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, persistent depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and the addition of catatonic features as a specifier for persistent depressive disorder. These diagnostic changes have important implications for the prognosis and treatment of this condition. A thorough understanding of both the clinical phenotype and the biosignature of these conditions is essential to provide individualized, long-term, effective treatments to affected individuals.  This review contains 1 table and 52 references Key words: brain volumes, depressive disorders, DSM-5, hormones, inflammation, neuropeptides, somatic therapy, stress

scholarly journals Altered Levels of Neurotrophic Factors in Alzheimer's Disease Patients with a Lifetimne History of Depression

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
M.A. Rapp ◽  
V. Haroutunian ◽  
A. Heinz
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Neurotrophin 3 ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
History Of Depression

Aims:We have recently shown both increases in the number of neuropathological changes in Alzheimer's disease patients with a history of recurrent major depression, and evidence for Alzheimer's disease-related neuropathological changes in patients with geriatric major depression. However, the correlates and possible underlying mechanisms for these neuropathological changes in Alzheimer's disease patients as a function of depression remains to be studied.Method:Levels of several neurotrophic factors, including nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) were measured in a sample of Alzheimer's disease patients with and without a lifetime history of major depressive disorder.Results:Alzheimer's disease patients with co-morbid depression showed lower levels BDNF (P < .001) and NGF (P < .001) than Alzheimer's disease patients without co-morbid depression. Results remained stable when controlling for age, gender, level of education, and other medical co-morbidities.Conclusion:In Alzheimer's disease, the presence of depression co-morbidity corresponds to decreases in neurotrophic factors beyond effects of age, education, and medical co-morbidities, suggesting that the previously described link between major depression and the neuropathological processes in Alzheimer's disease may be related to changes in neuronal survival mediated by neurotrophic factors.Funded by the National Institute on Aging (U01 AG016976 and NIA P01-AG05138) and NARSAD.

scholarly journals Psychiatric history and subthreshold symptoms as predictors of the occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorder within 2 years

2011 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Karsten ◽  
Catharina A. Hartman ◽  
Johannes H. Smit ◽  
Frans G. Zitman ◽  
Aartjan T. F. Beekman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Self Report ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

BackgroundPast episodes of depressive or anxiety disorders and subthreshold symptoms have both been reported to predict the occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorders. It is unclear to what extent the two factors interact or predict these disorders independently.AimsTo examine the extent to which history, subthreshold symptoms and their combination predict the occurrence of depressive (major depressive disorder, dysthymia) or anxiety disorders (social phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalised anxiety disorder) over a 2-year period.MethodThis was a prospective cohort study with 1167 participants: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Anxiety and depressive disorders were determined with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, subthreshold symptoms were determined with the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–Self Report and the Beck Anxiety Inventory.ResultsOccurrence of depressive disorder was best predicted by a combination of a history of depression and subthreshold symptoms, followed by either one alone. Occurrence of anxiety disorder was best predicted by both a combination of a history of anxiety disorder and subthreshold symptoms and a combination of a history of depression and subthreshold symptoms, followed by any subthreshold symptoms or a history of any disorder alone.ConclusionsA history and subthreshold symptoms independently predicted the subsequent occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorder. Together these two characteristics provide reasonable discriminative value. Whereas anxiety predicted the occurrence of an anxiety disorder only, depression predicted the occurrence of both depressive and anxiety disorders.

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