scholarly journals Orphans in the Market: The History of Orphan Drug Policy

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Mikami
Keyword(s):  
Orphan Drug ◽  
Drug Policy ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Orphan Drugs ◽  
High Price ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

Summary This paper examines the history of orphan drug policy, from the emergence of ‘orphans’ in the American pharmaceutical market in the 1960s, through the debates and agitations that resulted in the passage of the US Orphan Drug Act of 1983, to attempts in the 1990s to prevent abuse of that Act and restore its original intentions. Although an increased number of drugs for rare diseases have since been developed and marketed, the extremely high price of some such drugs is considered a major public health issue internationally. The present paper traces the origins of this issue to the market-based approach to resolving the problem of orphan drugs embodied in the 1983 Act. The paper also makes visible an alternative trajectory that existed for a while in the United Kingdom but was eventually abandoned in order to help the biotechnology industry grow in the context of an increasingly integrated European drug market.

The Historiography of Environmental History

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the emergence of environmental history, which developed in the context of the environmental concerns that began in the 1960s with worries about local industrial pollution, but which has since evolved into a full-scale global crisis of climate change. Environmental history is ‘the history of the relationship between human societies and the rest of nature’. It includes three chief areas of inquiry: the study of material environmental history, political and policy-related environmental history, and a form of environmental history which concerns what humans have thought, believed, written, and more rarely, painted, sculpted, sung, or danced that deals with the relationship between society and nature. Since 1980, environmental history has come to flourish in many corners of the world, and scholars everywhere have found models, approaches, and perspectives rather different from those developed for the US context.

Us Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: The Helms-burton and D'Amato Acts

1997 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaughan Lowe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Competition Laws ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction ◽  
National Governments

The history of clashes over extraterritorial jurisdiction between the United States of America and other States in the Americas, Europe and elsewhere is a long one. That history is commonly traced back to the antitrust claims arising from the Alcoa case in 1945, in which the “effects” doctrine was advanced in the peculiar and objectionable form in which it is applied, not simply to acts which constitute elements of a single offence but which occur in different jurisdictions but, rather, to the economic repercussions of acts in one State which are felt in another. The conflict persisted into the 1950s, with the clashes over US regulation of the international shipping and paper industries. In the 1960s and 1970s there were further clashes in relation to the extraterritorial application of US competition laws, notably in disputes over shipping regulation and the notorious Uranium Antitrust litigation, in which US laws were applied to penalise the extraterritorial conduct of non-US companies, conducted with the approval of their national governments, at a time when those companies were barred by US law from trading in the United States. It was that litigation which was in large measure responsible for the adoption in the United Kingdom of the Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980, which significantly extended the powers which the British government had asserted in the 1952 Shipping Contracts and Commercial Documents Act to defend British interests against US extraterritorial claims.

The Response to Acquired Brain Injury in the United Kingdom: A Comparative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-125
Author(s):  
Sophie Vivien Foster ◽  
Charles Edmund Degeneffe
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Acquired Brain Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
The Us ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
History Of

Background and ObjectiveThis article compares the policy, care systems, and legislation surrounding acquired brain injury (ABI) in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). Consistent with their shared histories, many similarities in terms of culture, language, and politics, and their history of cooperative relations in military and diplomatic efforts, the US and UK have taken similar approaches toward meeting the needs of persons with ABI and their family caregivers. However, important distinctions exist.Method and FindingsThrough a comprehensive narrative review, the article describes both common as well as distinct aspects of the system of ABI services from acute care through to long-term community rehabilitation.ConclusionsThe article concludes by discussing areas of potential collaboration in research, services, policy, and training to advance best practice approaches in both nations.

Submarine Propulsion in the Royal Navy

1982 ◽  
Vol 196 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Horlick
Keyword(s):  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Nuclear Submarine ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
The Us ◽  
Successful Resolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Under Construction

The paper outlines the history of submarine propulsion from the early days, through the hydrogen peroxide plants on Explorer and Excalibur to the setting up of the nuclear submarine programme. The building of the submarine prototype at Dounreay, the purchase of the Dreadnought plant from the US and the design and construction of the Valiant class submarines formed the base for developments in the 1960s leading to the highly successful Resolution and Swiftsure class submarines. Lessons learned from the design, building and operation of nuclear submarine propulsion plants are discussed and the future requirements for unproved operational characteristics and for higher nuclear safety standards are examined against the constraints of keeping unit costs under control. The success of the nuclear submarine programme is shown by the position today where the Royal Navy has sixteen nuclear submarines in service, a new submarine class under construction and work on the next generation of nuclear propulsion plants well advanced.

Not this Time: Canadians, Public Policy and the Marijuana Question, 1961–1975

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-240
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Drug Policy ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Time Travel ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Drug Policy Reform

Not this Time: Canadians, Public Policy and the Marijuana Question, 1961–1975, Marcel Martel, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006, pp. x, 277.It is said of the 1960s, “If you can remember them, you weren't really there.” For those who need a refresher course, this book is an alternative to time travel. For the younger, post-1970s generation who literally were not there, this book tells them all they ever need to know about the history of Canada's marijuana laws and why they have been so resistant to change. Considering that nearly three quarters of this current crop of young adults has tried marijuana, according to the Canadian Addiction Survey of 2004, perhaps they should be asking why the drug of choice for so many is still illegal. Martel's detailed snapshot of this crucial 15-year period sets out the actors, forces and political pressures that are still very much a part of the ongoing and unresolved debate on drug policy reform in Canada.

Marriage and Dowry

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Cowan
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Roles ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Sciences Sociales

The history of marriage is inseparable from the history of the family as an institution and from the history of the female experience. Thematically, it falls into four linked categories, the making of marriages, the ceremonies surrounding marriage (Marriage Rituals), which were both religious and secular and could span lengthy periods of time, the functioning of marriage within the couple, and the social and economic roles of widows and widowers. Dowries, the sums of money and material goods which were normally transferred to the husband or his family at the time of getting married but later returned to widows, played a central role in all four of these categories. Interest in these issues first emerged in the 1960s and found a place among the historians linked to the journals Annales: Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations in France (see Annales: Histoire, Sciences sociales, cited under Journals), Quaderni Storici in Italy (also cited under Journals), and the Cambridge Group for the Study of Population and Social Structure in the United Kingdom. Multiple studies from all parts of Europe have blossomed as a result.

scholarly journals British Black Power: The anti-imperialism of political blackness and the problem of nativist socialism

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 945-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Black Power ◽  
British History ◽  
Black Power Movement ◽  
Black Activism ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

The history of the US Black Power movement and its constituent groups such as the Black Panther Party has recently gone through a process of historical reappraisal, which challenges the characterization of Black Power as the violent, misogynist and negative counterpart to the Civil Rights movement. Indeed, scholars have furthered interest in the global aspects of the movement, highlighting how Black Power was adopted in contexts as diverse as India, Israel and Polynesia. This article highlights that Britain also possessed its own distinctive form of Black Power movement, which whilst inspired and informed by its US counterpart, was also rooted in anti-colonial politics, New Commonwealth immigration and the onset of decolonization. Existing sociological narratives usually locate the prominence and visibility of British Black Power and its activism, which lasted through the 1960s to the early 1970s, within the broad history of UK race relations and the movement from anti-racism to multiculturalism. However, this characterization neglects how such Black activism conjoined explanations of domestic racism with issues of imperialism and global inequality. Through recovering this history, the article seeks to bring to the fore a forgotten part of British history and also examines how the history of British Black Power offers valuable lessons about how the politics of anti-racism and anti-imperialism should be united in the 21st century.

Witchfinder General

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
First Century ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
Horror Film ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
British Cinema ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

Witchfinder General (1968), known as The Conqueror Worm in America, was directed by Michael Reeves and occupies a unique place in British cinema. Equally praised and vilified, the film fictionalizes the exploits of Matthew Hopkins, a prolific, real-life ‘witch hunter’, during the English Civil War. For critic Mark Kermode, the release proved to be ‘the single most significant horror film produced in the United Kingdom in the 1960s’, while playwright Alan Bennett called the work ‘the most persistently sadistic and rotten film I've ever seen’. Steadily gaining a cult reputation, unimpeded by the director's death just months after the film's release, the film is now treated as a landmark, though problematic, accomplishment, as it exists in a number of recut, retitled, and rescored versions. This in-depth study positions the film within the history of horror and discusses its importance as a British and heritage film. It also considers the inheritance of Hopkins, the script's relationship to the novel by Ronald Bassett, and the iconic persona of the film's star, Vincent Price. The author conducts close textual readings of specific scenes and explores the film's various contexts, from the creation of the X certificate and the tradition of Hammer gothic, to the influence on Ken Russell's The Devils (1971) and the ‘torture porn’ of twenty-first-century horror.

scholarly journals Television, Teenagers and VD: An Insight into the Advisory Process behind Schools and Colleges’ Broadcasting in the Early 1970s in the UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Angela Saward
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Sexual Education ◽  
Educational Broadcasting ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Television Programme ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Insight Into

This article looks at the forgotten history of a television programme on venereal disease for teenagers broadcast in the United Kingdom (excluding Scotland) in 1973. It was produced by BBC Schools and Colleges and deemed to be very successful. The production was one of a trio of programmes entitled ‘Health Hazards’, from the series Twentieth Century Focus, which reflected issues relevant to teenagers over a period of social change from the 1960s to the 1970s. The archive record is lean on schools programming and this programme is very well documented from concept to delivery, representing a discrete, but ephemeral, intervention into 1970s sex educational broadcasting. This research contributes something new about public health and sexual education in the period immediately before AIDS.

Race and Diplomacy in Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Lewis Scarnecchia
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Archival Source ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Robert Mugabe ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Uk

The 'Rhodesian crisis' of the 1960s and 1970s, and the early 1980s crisis of independent Zimbabwe, can be understood against the background of Cold War historical transformations brought on by, among other things, African decolonization in the 1960s; the failure of American power in Vietnam and the rise of Third World political power at the UN and elsewhere. In this African history of the diplomacy of decolonization in Zimbabwe, Timothy Lewis Scarnecchia examines the relationship and rivalry between Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe over many years of diplomacy, and how both leaders took advantage of Cold War racialized thinking about what Zimbabwe should be, including Anglo-American preoccupations with keeping whites from leaving after Independence. Based on a wealth of archival source materials, including materials that have recently become available through thirty-year rules in the UK and South Africa, it uncovers how foreign relations bureaucracies the US, UK, and SA created a Cold War 'race state' notion of Zimbabwe that permitted them to rationalize Mugabe's state crimes in return for Cold War loyalty to Western powers.

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