scholarly journals Oak Regeneration in the Southern Appalachians: Potential, Problems, and Possible Solutions

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Cook ◽  
Terry L. Sharik ◽  
David Wm. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Southern Appalachians ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Oak Regeneration ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Stump Sprouting ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
A Site

Abstract Despite the large volumes written about "oak regeneration problems" on mesic sites, very little has been presented on the extent of regional variation in oak regeneration. In this review article, we examine several important facets of oak regeneration for the Southern Appalachian region. We conclude that: (1) the amount of reproduction (seedlings and/or sprouts) is seldom a limiting factor because these oak forests have an average advance regeneration density of more than 9000/ha; (2) about 75% of all oak stems sprout after harvesting, which; (3) makes stump sprouts a major source of oak regeneration and a more important component than in the Midwest; (4) harvesting usually leads to an increase in the number of oak seedlings on a site (mean density for the first 3 yr equals 15,750/ha); (5) on sites of SI50 = 17-19m, oaks typically make up 25-40% of the canopy 2-3 decades after a harvest; (6) on sites of SI > 20m, clearcutting leads to very low levels (~10%) of oak representation in the subsequent forest, whereas a shelterwood harvest will result in 25-30% oak abundance; and (7) a harvest of an oak-dominated forest, without any other treatments, will lead to a 50-70% decline in oak. These results suggest that there is ample potential to regenerate current oak forests to oak, but new trials are needed with more species and on a greater range of sites. Increasing the size of the advance regeneration and maximizing stump sprouting are two ways to increase the amount of oak after harvest. However, regeneration cuts by themselves will not assure maintenance of the oak component; several treatments that have shown promise—midstory manipulation, fire, and weeding—are recommended for further study. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1):11-18.

Protest Songs from the Textile Mills and Coalfields

2020 ◽  
pp. 176-180
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Coal Dust ◽  
Coal Mines ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
Southern Appalachians ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Textile Mills ◽  
Protest Songs ◽  
Traditional Ballads ◽  
A Site

Protest songs have sustained strikers on picket lines, memorialized disasters, galvanized support for unions, sparked folk revivals, and established Appalachia in the national consciousness as a site of labor struggle. In Coal Dust on the Fiddle (1943), a collection of songs from the bituminous coal mines, George Korson explains that the folk songs of immigrant miners, traditional ballads of the Southern Appalachians, and African American spirituals combined in music that documented and commemorated life in the mines....

scholarly journals Variation in Human Disturbance Differentially Affects Predation Risk Assessment in Western Gulls

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolaas V. Webb ◽  
Daniel T. Blumstein
Keyword(s):  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Important Goal ◽  
Larus Occidentalis ◽  
Predation Risk Assessment ◽  
Santa Monica ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
A Site ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Flight Initiation

Abstract Many studies have demonstrated that birds behave differently in areas with different levels of human disturbance. Studies frequently characterize sites as having an overall level of human disturbance, and compare how birds respond at sites with high and low levels of disturbance. Doing so assumes that disturbance has a fairly constant effect on animals throughout a site. We measured the distance at which individual Western Gulls (Larus occidentalis) moved away from an approaching observer along a stretch of beach on both sides of the Santa Monica Pier, a heavily visited tourist attraction in southern California. We found that these flight initiation distances decreased in areas where more people visited the beach, and specifically in a small area near the pier. We found that flight initiation distance changed very rapidly within a short distance from the pier. Our results indicate that anthropogenic features may leave a “behavioral footprint.” Identifying the scale of such behavioral footprints should be an important goal of studies that seek to reduce anthropogenic impacts on birds. La Variación del Disturbio Humano Afecta Diferencialmente la Percepción del Riesgo de Depredación en Gaviotas Larus occidentalis Resumen. Muchos estudios han demostrado que las aves se comportan de modo diferente en áreas con distintos niveles de disturbio humano. Los estudios frecuentemente caracterizan sitios con base en su nivel general de disturbio y comparan las respuestas de las aves entre lugares con niveles altos y bajos de disturbio. Al hacer esto, se supone que el disturbio tiene un efecto aproximadamente constante sobre los animales a través de un sitio dado. En este estudio medimos la distancia a la cual gaviotas de la especie Larus occidentalis se desplazaron alejándose de un observador a lo largo de un tramo de playa en ambos lados del embarcadero de Santa Monica, una atracción turística muy visitada ubicada en el sur de California. Encontramos que las distancias al observador a las que las aves iniciaron el vuelo disminuyeron en áreas donde más personas visitaron la playa, y específicamente en un área cercana al embarcadero. Las distancias a las que las gaviotas iniciaron el vuelo cambiaron muy rá pidamente en una distancia muy corta desde el puerto, hasta alcanzar una distancia constante. Nuestros resultados indican que las estructuras antropogénicas podrian dejar una “huella comportamental”. Identificar la escala de dichas huellas debería ser un objetivo importante de estudios que tengan como fin reducir el impacto antrópico sobre las aves.

Oak Regeneration Potential Increased by Shelterwood Treatments

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Schlesinger ◽  
Ivan L. Sander ◽  
Kenneth R. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Oak Regeneration ◽  
Regeneration Potential ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
The Right ◽  
Method Show ◽  
Potential Tool

Abstract In much of the Central Hardwood Forest Region, oak species are not regenerating well, even though large oak trees are common within the existing forests. The shelterwood method has been suggested as a potential tool for establishing and developing advanced regeneration where it is lacking. The 10-yr results from a study of several variants of the shelterwood method show that on good sites in the Missouri Ozarks Region, a heavy understory treatment is most important, while on average sites, reducing the overstory density level is most important. The right combinations of overstory and understory treatments will likely be different for different stands and locations, but the shelterwood method does appear to be a useful silvicultural tool for perpetuating central hardwood oak forests. North. J. Appl. For. 10(4): 149-153.

scholarly journals Oak Regeneration Guidelines for the Central Appalachians

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim C. Steiner ◽  
James C. Finley ◽  
Peter J. Gould ◽  
Songlin Fei ◽  
Marc McDill
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Strong Component ◽  
Oak Regeneration ◽  
Regeneration Potential ◽  
Central Appalachians ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
Stand Conditions ◽  
Stump Sprouts

Abstract This article presents the first explicit guidelines for regenerating oaks in the central Appalachians. The objectives of this paper are (1) to describe the research foundation on which the guidelines are based and (2) to provide users with the instructions, data collection forms, supplementarytables, and decision charts needed to apply the guidelines in the field. The principal research foundation for the guidelines is a set of quantitative models that estimate, in advance of harvest, a stand's potential to regenerate oak stocking from advance regeneration and stump sprouts. Regeneration potential is measured by the predicted stocking by oak species, expressed as a percentage of full (100%) stocking, in the new stand in its third decade (21–30 years) after overstory removal. An understory classification system is used in conjunction with the models to help identifypotential barriers to regeneration development. Model results and other data on current stand conditions are used in the decision charts to identify prescriptions for achieving a strong component of oak regeneration after stand harvest. Overstory removals are recommended when the stand's oak regeneration potential is adequate to meet management goals. Otherwise, prescriptions designed to enhance seedling-origin oak regeneration potential are recommended.

scholarly journals Observations on microthermal fluctuations

1963 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 126-131
Author(s):  
C. R. Lynds
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Image Size ◽  
Large Telescope ◽  
Small Aperture ◽  
Large Aperture ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
A Site

The concern has been expressed many times by Dr. Bowen and others that a significant portion of the seeing deterioration may occur in levels of the atmosphere very near the ground, within a few tenths of meters of the ground. When I refer to the quality of seeing I am refering to the image size one observes in a telescope of very large aperture and I will assume that this is equivalent to image motion as observed in telescopes of very small aperture. I will not attempt a further justification for this concern; however this is the basis for the studies we are just beginning at Kitt Peak, where we will attempt to quantitatively show whether or not there is need for concern about the very low levels of the atmosphere. So we begin with the thesis that much of the poor seeing observed at a site, the enlargement of photographic or visual images as observed through a large telescope, is due to refractive inhomogeneities in the lower levels of the atmosphere, within less than 100 m above the telescope. We presume that these inhomogeneities are of local origin and that their distribution and motion is determined primarily by site topography, wind direction and velocity. The few experiments we have made thus far at Kitt Peak have been designed to ascertain quantitatively the importance of these factors. Our approach has been to make observations of the large-aperture seeing with simultaneous observations of the thermal structure of the air accessible to us immediately above the telescope.

scholarly journals Survivorship, attained diameter, height and volume of three Paulownia species after 9 years in the southern Appalachians, USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 2181-2191
Author(s):  
Erik C. Berg ◽  
Stanley J. Zarnoch ◽  
W. Henry McNab
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Southern Appalachians ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Moist Environment ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Volume Models

Abstract Little is known of the tree and stand dynamics of varied species of planted Paulownia left unmanaged until harvest in the southeastern United States. We sought to remedy this lack of information needed by land managers to make informed decisions by investigating differences in survivorship, attained diameter breast height (DBH), diameter at ground level, total height, tree volume and stand-level volume yields of planted P. elongata, P. fortunei, and P. tomentosa in the cool-moist environment of the southern Appalachian Mountains. After 9 years, combined-species survivorship was only 27.3%. Low survivorship was likely related to several inclement weather events. P. fortunei was significantly smaller in DBH and total height. Three combined-species stem (bole) volume models were developed as functions of (1) DBH squared, (2) the product DBH squared and total height, and (3) the product diameter ground line squared and total height. Mean total volume production of unmanaged stands was greatest for P. elongata and P. fortunei 4 years after planting; by the 9th year, total volume of P. elongata was greater than the other two species. Results of our study provide managers information on productivity of three species of Paulownia that can be used for estimating plantation yields.

Baroreceptor control of the cutaneous active vasodilator system

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 2192-2198 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Crandall ◽  
J. M. Johnson ◽  
W. A. Kosiba ◽  
D. L. Kellogg
Keyword(s):  
Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Vascular Conductance ◽  
Carotid Baroreceptor ◽  
Vasodilator Activity ◽  
Forearm Vascular Conductance ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
A Site ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Baroreceptors

Crandall, C. G., J. M. Johnson, W. A. Kosiba, and D. L. Kellogg, Jr. Baroreceptor control of the cutaneous active vasodilator system. J. Appl. Physiol.81(5): 2192–2198, 1996.—We sought to identify whether reductions in cutaneous active vasodilation during simulated orthostasis could be assigned solely to cardiopulmonary or to carotid baroreflexes by unloading cardiopulmonary baroreceptors with low levels of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) or unloading carotid baroreceptors with external pressure applied over the carotid sinus area [carotid pressure (CP)]. Skin blood flow was measured at a site at which adrenergic function was blocked via bretylium tosylate iontophoresis and at an unblocked site. During LBNP of −5 and −10 mmHg in hyperthermia, neither heart rate (HR) nor cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) at either site changed ( P > 0.05 for both), whereas forearm vascular conductance (FVC) was reduced (−5 mmHg: from 21.6 ± 4.8 to 19.8 ± 4.1 FVC units, P = 0.05; −10 mmHg: from 22.3 ± 4.0 to 19.3 ± 3.7 FVC units, P = 0.002). LBNP of −30 mmHg in hyperthermia reduced CVC at both sites (untreated: from 51.9 ± 5.7 to 43.2 ± 5.1% maximum, P = 0.02; bretylium tosylate: from 60.9 ± 5.4 to 53.2 ± 4.4% maximum, P = 0.02), reduced FVC (from 23.2 ± 3.6 to 18.1 ± 3.3 FVC units; P = 0.002), and increased HR (from 83 ± 4 to 101 ± 3 beats/min; P = 0.003). Pulsatile CP (45 mmHg) did not affect FVC or CVC during normothermia or hyperthermia ( P > 0.05). However, HR and mean arterial pressure were elevated during CP in both thermal conditions (both P < 0.05). These results suggest that neither selective low levels of cardiopulmonary baroreceptor unloading nor selective carotid baroreceptor unloading can account for the inhibition of cutaneous active vasodilator activity seen with simulated orthostasis.

IN SITU NITROGEN FIXATION BY WHITE CLOVER IN MIXED SWARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. VESSEY ◽  
D. G. PATRIQUIN
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Acetylene Reduction Activity ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Reduction Activity ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
A Site

At three sites, clover cover increased from less than 10% in April to 50–70% during anthesis in July. It began to decline in September, reaching 20–30% in December. Acetylene-reduction activity (ARA), measured by an in situ technique, commenced in April when soil temperature was 5–7 °C. "Clover-specific ARA" (ARA measured in clover patches where cover of clover was 100%) was generally high through most of May, June and July, and then declined, reaching low levels by November. Clover-specific ARA was correlated with total rainfall during the period between 7 and 28 days before the assay (r = 0.720, P < 0.01). The amount of N2 fixed by white clover over a 1-yr period was estimated at 66 and 81 kg N/ha for two pasture sites and 100 kg N/ha at a lawn site. Clover cover and thermal regime appeared to be the two main factors influencing the amount of N2 fixed by white clover at a site. Eight sites of widely varying clover cover (2–53%) were compared in July with regard to cover, clover-specific ARA, edaphic characteristics and fertilizer and grazing management. Management strategy appeared to have the greatest influence on clover abundance in pasture.Key words: White clover, Trifolium repens, nitrogen fixation

Effects of alternative silviculture on stump sprouting in the southern Appalachians

2009 ◽  
Vol 257 (4) ◽  
pp. 1305-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad J. Atwood ◽  
Thomas R. Fox ◽  
David L. Loftis
Keyword(s):  
Southern Appalachians ◽  
Stump Sprouting

scholarly journals Asticcacaulis benevestitus sp. nov., a psychrotolerant, dimorphic, prosthecate bacterium from tundra wetland soil

2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 2083-2088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina V. Vasilyeva ◽  
Marina V. Omelchenko ◽  
Yulia Y. Berestovskaya ◽  
Anatolii M. Lysenko ◽  
Wolf-Rainer Abraham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Wetland Soil ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
A Site ◽  
Prosthecate Bacterium

A Gram-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic, non-pigmented, dimorphic prosthecate bacterium was isolated from tundra wetland soil and designated strain Z-0023T. Cells of this strain had a dimorphic life cycle and developed a non-adhesive stalk at a site not coincident with the centre of the cell pole, a characteristic typical of representatives of the genus Asticcacaulis. A highly distinctive feature of cells of strain Z-0023T was the presence of a conical, bell-shaped sheath when grown at low temperature. This prosthecate bacterium was a psychrotolerant, moderately acidophilic organism capable of growth between 4 and 28 °C (optimum 15–20 °C) and between pH 4.5 and 8.0 (optimum 5.6–6.0). The major phospholipid fatty acid was 18 : 1ω7c and the major phospholipids were phosphatidylglycerols. The G+C content of the DNA was 60.4 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain Z-0023T was most closely related to Asticcacaulis biprosthecium (98 % similarity), Asticcacaulis taihuensis (98 %) and Asticcacaulis excentricus (95 %). However, low levels of DNA–DNA relatedness to these organisms and a number of distinctive features of the tundra wetland isolate indicated that it represented a novel species of the genus Asticcacaulis, for which the name Asticcacaulis benevestitus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Z-0023T (=DSM 16100T=ATCC BAA-896T).

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