scholarly journals Formation and spread of callus tissue and tangential rows of resin ducts in Larix decidua and Picea abies following rockfall impacts

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Schneuwly ◽  
M. Stoffel ◽  
M. Bollschweiler
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Resin Ducts

The Formation of Traumatic Rows of Resin Ducts in Larix Decidua and Picea Abies (Pinaceae) as a Result of Wounding Experiments in the Dormant Season

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Gärtner ◽  
Ingo Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Resin Ducts ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Wound Reaction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Geographical Locations

Wounding experiments, imitating the impact of geomorphic processes such as rock fall, were performed on Larix decidua Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst., before the beginning and at the end of the growing season. This was done to evaluate the timing and spread of traumatic rows of resin ducts (TDs) as a result of wounding during dormancy, when most mass movements occur. All treatments were successful in inducing TDs. However, a high inter- and intra-species variability concerning the timing and position of the TDs was noted. In larch, TDs were formed as first cells after wounding (immediate reaction) only in the vicinity of the wound. In contrast, none of the spruce trees exhibited immediate reactions. Neither larch nor spruce formed continuous TDs around the stem. TDs in larch were more extensive if, in addition, stems were bent before the growing season. In contrast, spruce showed this reaction when bent at the end of the growing season. The results indicate that the varying lengths of the growing seasons at different geographical locations need to be taken into account before an immediate wound reaction can be clearly defined, if an increase of the reliability and accuracy of process reconstructions is aimed for.

scholarly journals Time since death and decay rate constants of Norway spruce and European larch deadwood in subalpine forests determined using dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1537-1552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Petrillo ◽  
Paolo Cherubini ◽  
Giulia Fravolini ◽  
Marco Marchetti ◽  
Judith Ascher-Jenull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Decay Rate ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Matrix Model ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
European Larch ◽  
14C Dating

Abstract. Due to the large size (e.g. sections of tree trunks) and highly heterogeneous spatial distribution of deadwood, the timescales involved in the coarse woody debris (CWD) decay of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Larix decidua Mill. in Alpine forests are largely unknown. We investigated the CWD decay dynamics in an Alpine valley in Italy using the chronosequence approach and the five-decay class system that is based on a macromorphological assessment. For the decay classes 1–3, most of the dendrochronological samples were cross-dated to assess the time that had elapsed since tree death, but for decay classes 4 and 5 (poorly preserved tree rings) radiocarbon dating was used. In addition, density, cellulose, and lignin data were measured for the dated CWD. The decay rate constants for spruce and larch were estimated on the basis of the density loss using a single negative exponential model, a regression approach, and the stage-based matrix model. In the decay classes 1–3, the ages of the CWD were similar and varied between 1 and 54 years for spruce and 3 and 40 years for larch, with no significant differences between the classes; classes 1–3 are therefore not indicative of deadwood age. This seems to be due to a time lag between the death of a standing tree and its contact with the soil. We found distinct tree-species-specific differences in decay classes 4 and 5, with larch CWD reaching an average age of 210 years in class 5 and spruce only 77 years. The mean CWD rate constants were estimated to be in the range 0.018 to 0.022 y−1 for spruce and to about 0.012 y−1 for larch. Snapshot sampling (chronosequences) may overestimate the age and mean residence time of CWD. No sampling bias was, however, detectable using the stage-based matrix model. Cellulose and lignin time trends could be derived on the basis of the ages of the CWD. The half-lives for cellulose were 21 years for spruce and 50 years for larch. The half-life of lignin is considerably higher and may be more than 100 years in larch CWD. Consequently, the decay of Picea abies and Larix decidua is very low. Several uncertainties, however, remain: 14C dating of CWD from decay classes 4 and 5 and having a pre-bomb age is often difficult (large age range due to methodological constraints) and fall rates of both European larch and Norway spruce are missing.

EFFECT OF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ON THE GERMINATION OF FOREST TREE SEEDS

1946 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. V. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Betula Lenta

Chemical treatments were tested, in comparison with stratification and presoaking, for their effects on germination of forest tree seeds.Significant increases in percentage germination were obtained from potassium nitrate in Betula lenta, B. papyrifera, Fraxinus excelsior, Picea Abies, P. glauca, P. rubens and Pinus resinosa; from thiourea in Larix decidua, Picea Abies, P. glauca and P. rubens; from ethylene chlorhydrin in Betula lenta, B. papyrifera, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix decidua and Pinus resinosa; from red copper oxide in Pinus resinosa; from zinc oxide in Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Pinus Banksiana and P. resinosa; from stratifiaction in Acer saccharum, Betula lenta, B. lutea, B. papyrifera, B. populifolia, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix decidua, Picea glauca, Pinus resinosa and P. Strobus; and from presoaking in Betula papyrifera, Larix decidua and Picea Abies.The rate of germination was accelerated by potassium nitrate in Betula papyrifera, Picea Abies, P. glauca, P. rubens and Pinus Strobus; by thiourea in Betula lenta, Larix decidua, Picea glauca and P. rubens; by ethylene chlorhydrin in Larix decidua; by red copper oxide in Betula papyrifera; by stratification in practically all species; and by presoaking in Larix decidua and Picea Abies.The rate of seedling growth was increased by zinc oxide in Larix, Picea, Pinus and Thuja, and by red copper oxide in Pinus.

scholarly journals Influence of biochar on coniferous species seeds germinating ability and seedlings growth in protected ground conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.С. Дурова ◽  
А.В. Жигунов
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Scotch Pine ◽  
Different Doses

Улучшение агрохимических, физико-химических и биологических показателей почвы в результате внесения в почву биоугля в качестве мелиоранта доказано множеством исследований. Наиболее эффективным при выращивании сельскохозяйственных культур оказалось применение мелиоранта в дозах от 1 до 30 т/га биоугля. Однако вопрос о влияния биоугля на рост сеянцев хвойных пород в условиях закрытого грунта на искусственных субстратах в научной литературе затронут не был. Целью исследования была оценка влияния различных доз биоугля на развитие грибных инфекций и рост однолетних сеянцев, выращиваемых на торфяных субстратах в условиях теплиц летнего типа. Объектами исследования были семена и однолетние сеянцы ели обыкновенной (Picea abies (L.), Karst.), сосны обыкновенной (Pínus sylvéstris L.) и лиственницы европейской (Larix decidua Mill.). Биоуголь вносился в торфяной субстрат, в дозах 5 и 10 т/га. Оценка влияния различных доз биоугля на рост и развитие сеянцев проводилась по показателям всхожести семян, отпада сеянцев, степени грибного поражения сеянцев и динамики роста сеянцев. Полученные данные говорят о различном влиянии биоугля на показатели роста и развития сеянцев различных хвойных пород в теплицах. Наибольшее положительное влияние внесение биоугля оказало на рост и развитие сеянцев лиственницы. Внесение как 5, так и 10 т/га биоугля дало достоверное (в 2 и 1,5 раза соответственно) увеличение всхожести, а также увеличение биометрических параметров сеянцев высоты и массы побега. В условиях закрытого грунта создаются наиболее благоприятные условия для роста и развития сеянцев. Однако эти же условия благоприятны и для развития грибных инфекционных заболеваний сеянцев. Следует отметить достоверное снижение отпада и уменьшение грибного поражения сеянцев при внесении биоугля в опытах со всеми испытываемыми хвойными породами. Максимальный эффект был получен в варианте с внесением 10 т/га биоугля при выращивании сеянцев лиственницы. Количество пораженных грибными заболеваниями растений снизилось с 60% в контроле до 41% в опыте. Improvement of agrochemical, physical-chemical and biological performance of soil due to introduction of biochar as ameliorant has been proved by a great number of researches. Biochar doses of 1 to 30 t/ha are considered most effective in farm production. However the effect of biochar application on germinating ability of coniferous seeds and seedlings growing on man-made substrate in greenhouses has not been considered in literature yet. The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of different doses of biochar on the development of fungal infections and growth of one-year seedlings in containers with peat substrate in summer greenhouses. The study was carried out with seeds and seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.), Karst.), Scotch pine (Pínus sylvéstris L.) and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.). Biochar was added into peat substrate in doses of 5 and 10 t/h. The effect of different doses of biochar on growth and development of seedlings was estimated based on the germination index, seedlings fall value, extent of fungal disease development, and seedling growth dynamics. The results have shown that introduction of biocar produces different effects on growth rate and development of seedlings of different species. The highest positive effect was observed for growth and development of larch seedlings. Application of biochar in doses of 5 and 10 t/h resulted in significant 2- and 1.5-fold increase in germination, accordingly, and increment in biometric parameters (height and diameter) and mass of the seedlings. Greenhouses provide the most favorable conditions for growth of seedlings. However, the same conditions are favorable for the development of fungal infection as well. Application of biochar has decreased the fungal attack and, as a result, the fall of seedlings of all species. Application of biochar in the dose of 10 t/ha has produced the maximum effect on larch seedlings. The number of plants attacked by fungal disease has decreased from 60% in the control group without biochar to 41% in the experiment with biochar application.

scholarly journals Traumatic resin ducts in Larix decidua stems impacted by debris flows

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bollschweiler ◽  
M. Stoffel ◽  
D. M. Schneuwly ◽  
K. Bourqui
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flows ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Resin Ducts ◽  
Traumatic Resin Ducts

scholarly journals Methylated Fatty Acids from Heartwood and Bark of Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Picea abies, and Larix decidua: Effect of Strong Acid Treatment

BioResources ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Zidan Mohamed Salem ◽  
Ramadan A. Nasser ◽  
Aleš Zeidler ◽  
Hosam O. Elansary ◽  
Ibrahim M. Aref ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Larix Decidua
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