The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commerical Contracts and the Harmonisation of the Principles of Commerical Contracts in West and Central Africa. Reflections on the Ohada Project from the Perspective of a Common Lawyer from West Africa.

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. D.- Bah
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
West And Central Africa

scholarly journals Response of African humid tropical forests to recent rainfall anomalies

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1625) ◽  
pp. 20120306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvi Asefi-Najafabady ◽  
Sassan Saatchi
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
West And Central Africa ◽  
Rainfall Anomalies

During the last decade, strong negative rainfall anomalies resulting from increased sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic have caused extensive droughts in rainforests of western Amazonia, exerting persistent effects on the forest canopy. In contrast, there have been no significant impacts on rainforests of West and Central Africa during the same period, despite large-scale droughts and rainfall anomalies during the same period. Using a combination of rainfall observations from meteorological stations from the Climate Research Unit (CRU; 1950–2009) and satellite observations of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM; 1998–2010), we show that West and Central Africa experienced strong negative water deficit (WD) anomalies over the last decade, particularly in 2005, 2006 and 2007. These anomalies were a continuation of an increasing drying trend in the region that started in the 1970s. We monitored the response of forests to extreme rainfall anomalies of the past decade by analysing the microwave scatterometer data from QuickSCAT (1999–2009) sensitive to variations in canopy water content and structure. Unlike in Amazonia, we found no significant impacts of extreme WD events on forests of Central Africa, suggesting potential adaptability of these forests to short-term severe droughts. Only forests near the savanna boundary in West Africa and in fragmented landscapes of the northern Congo Basin responded to extreme droughts with widespread canopy disturbance that lasted only during the period of WD. Time-series analyses of CRU and TRMM data show most regions in Central and West Africa experience seasonal or decadal extreme WDs (less than −600 mm). We hypothesize that the long-term historical extreme WDs with gradual drying trends in the 1970s have increased the adaptability of humid tropical forests in Africa to droughts.

scholarly journals Promising High-Yielding Tetraploid Plantain-Bred Hybrids in West Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdou Tenkouano ◽  
Niéyidouba Lamien ◽  
Josephine Agogbua ◽  
Delphine Amah ◽  
Rony Swennen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
International Institute ◽  
The West ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
West And Central Africa

The devastating threat of black leaf streak disease caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis on plantain production in West Africa spurred the development of resistant hybrids. The goal of this research and development (R&D) undertaken was assessing the development and dissemination of two plantain hybrids PITA 3 and FHIA 21 bred in the 1980s by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA, Nigeria) and the Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA, Honduras), respectively. In Côte d’Ivoire, plantain growers selected PITA 3 and FHIA 21 based on their improved agronomic characteristics and, between 2012 and 2016, they were massively propagated and distributed to farmers in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo under the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAAP) coordinated by the West and Central Africa Council for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF). In 2016, the Centre National de Recherche Agronomique in Côte d’Ivoire included the hybrids in the improved cultivar directory. This R&D activity illustrates how three decades of crossbreeding, selection, and distribution led to local acceptance. It also highlights how a CORAF-led partnership harnessed CGIAR research for development. The dissemination and acceptance of these plantain hybrids will enhance the sustainable intensification in plantain-based farming systems across the humid lowlands of West and Central Africa.

scholarly journals Community Policing and the Engagement of Pastoral Terrorism in West Africa

SAGE Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824401989370
Author(s):  
Kingsley U. Ejiogu
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Global Consciousness ◽  
West And Central Africa ◽  
Social Policing

Within a changing global consciousness for international guardianship of the targets of terrorism, this article explores the broad narratives, strengths, and limitations of adopting community policing for the control of herdsmen terrorism in West Africa. It follows the search by social engineering and criminal justice practitioners for a relational and experiential agent for social change against destructive terrorist tendencies and its eroding influence on the sensibilities of human civilization. The article frames an approach for creating a social policing environment in rural and poor communities along pastoral transhumance routes in West and Central Africa. The mass murder of indigenous communities by the migratory and transborder terror groups in this region is a crime against humanity. The adoption of the concept of “connected communities” is suggested to create a multilayered and all-involving intelligence community policing shield in individual communities under siege of the pastoralists.

scholarly journals Identification of High-Yielding Iron-Biofortified Open-Pollinated Varieties of Pearl Millet in West Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash I. Gangashetty ◽  
Mohammed Riyazaddin ◽  
Moussa Daouda Sanogo ◽  
Drabo Inousa ◽  
Kassari Ango Issoufou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
West And Central Africa ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition

Pearl millet is a predominant food and fodder crop in West Africa. This study was carried out to test the newly developed open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) for field performance and stability for grain yield, grain iron (Fe), and grain zinc (Zn) contents across 10 locations in West Africa (i.e., Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal, and Ghana). The test material consisted of 30 OPVs, of which 8 are Fe/Zn biofortified. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in three replications. ANOVA revealed highly significant variability for grain yield and micronutrient traits. The presence of genotype × environment (G × E) indicated that the expressions of traits are significantly influenced by both genetic and G × E factors, for grain Fe and Zn contents. Days to 50% flowering and plant height showed less G × E, suggesting these traits are largely under genetic control. The genotypes CHAKTI (46 days), ICTP 8203 (46 days), ICMV 177002 (50 days), ICMV 177003 (48 days), and Moro (53 days) had exhibited early flowering across locations leading to early physiological maturity. CHAKTI (1.42 t/ha yield; 62.24 mg/kg of grain Fe, 47.29 mg/kg of grain Zn) and ICMP 177002 (1.19 t/ha yield, 62.62 mg/kg of grain Fe, 46.62 mg/kg of grain Zn) have performed well for grain yield and also for micronutrients, across locations, compared with the check. Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) ANOVA revealed the highly significant genotypic differences, the mean sum of squares of environment, and its interaction with the genotypes. Based on the AMMI stability value (ASV), the most stable genotype is SOSAT-C88 (ASV = 0.04) for grain yield and resistance to downy mildew; mean grain yield and stability rankings (YSI) revealed that the genotypes CHAKTI, SOSAT-C88, and ICMV IS 99001 were high yielding and expressed stability across regions. The strong correlation (r = 0.98∗∗) of grain Fe and Zn contents that merits Fe-based selection is highly rewarding. CHAKTI outperformed over other genotypes for grain yield (71% higher), especially with early maturing varieties in West Africa, such as GB 8735, LCIC 9702, and Jirani, and for grain Fe (16.11% higher) and Zn (7% higher) contents across locations, and made a candidate of high-iron variety to be promoted for combating the micronutrient malnutrition in West and Central Africa (WCA).

scholarly journals Impact of warm ENSO events on atmospheric circulation and convection over the tropical Atlantic and West Africa

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Janicot
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Convective Clouds ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
Northern Summer ◽  
West And Central Africa

Abstract. Empirical studies have shown that warm El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes are associated during northern summer with, first, a southward location of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) over the tropical Atlantic, and, second, a weakened convection over West Africa where the ITCZ is near its mean latitude. A modelling experiment presented here is used to help explain this apparent contradiction. In simulated ENSO conditions, the ITCZ is located southwards over the tropical Atlantic. Over West Africa the intertropical front is also displaced southwards, but more slightly; the ITCZ is located at its climatological latitude and the vertical development of convective clouds over West and Central Africa is reduced due to dynamical subsidence in the upper levels.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
East Africa ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Refugee Protection

This introductory chapter begins by presenting the book’s structure in section A. Section B then delineates the book’s contours, outlining four aspects of refugee protection in Africa that are not addressed. Section C provides context, with a contemporary overview of the state of refugee protection in Africa. It also looks at the major aspects of the refugee situations in each of Africa’s principal geographic sub-regions: East Africa (including the Horn of Africa), Central Africa and the Great Lakes, West Africa, Southern Africa, and North Africa. Section D then concludes with an outline of the theoretical approach to regime relationships employed throughout the book.

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