What Is Birth Control?

Birth Control ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Sundstrom ◽  
Cara Delay
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Normal Part ◽  
Control Work

How does birth control work? Most people who can become pregnant and give birth menstruate and ovulate. Menstruation is more commonly known as a “period” and refers to monthly vaginal bleeding that is a normal part of the menstrual cycle for most women. In...

Vaginal Bleeding

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

Key Points Abnormal uterine bleeding refers to bleeding that is excessive or occurs outside normal cyclic menstruationAnovulatory uterine bleeding is the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding adolescents within 1–2 years of menarche.It is important to exclude pregnancy and infections prior to initiating treatment for anovulatory bleedingGoals of management for abnormal uterine bleeding include return to pattern of normal menstrual cycle and prevention of anemia.

The causes and management of endometrial breakthrough bleeding

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Hickey ◽  
IS Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Vascular Development ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Breakthrough Bleeding ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

The term breakthrough bleeding (BTB) is rather poorly defined, but essentially describes the symptom of vaginal bleeding occurring with scheduled periods of withdrawal bleeding, in the absence of pelvic pathology in women taking exogenous sex steroids, usually contraceptives or hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). It may also describe occasional bleeding in those who are predominantly experiencing amenorrhoea due to these preparations. Rather confusingly, the term is sometimes used to describe intermenstrual bleeding in women who are not taking sex steroids, when structural or other pathological causes are more likely. In the absence of such pathology intermenstrual bleeding in the normal menstrual cycle is relatively uncommon, suggesting that exogenous sex steroids can profoundly disrupt the tight regulation of endometrial vascular development, function and breakdown. Intermenstrual bleeding also occurs spontaneously in some women and it is possible that this phenomenon has similar mechanisms to that seen in sex-steroid-related breakthrough bleeding.

Normal and Abnormal Menstruation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet E. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Precise Integration ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Primary And Secondary Amenorrhea ◽  
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
The Relationship

Normal reproductive function requires precise integration of hormonal events involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the ovary, with the uterus, vagina, and breast acting as key end organs for ovarian steroid effects. This chapter discusses the physiology of the reproductive system in women; the assessment of reproductive function; and the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of primary and secondary amenorrhea, abnormal vaginal bleeding—including menorrhagia, menometrorrhagia, and hypomenorrhea—and dysmenorrhea. Figures illustrate the relationship between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries in reproductive function and normal menstrual cycle function; an algorithm depicts the evaluation of amenorrhea. Tables list the relative frequency of the causes of amenorrhea and the neuroanatomic causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This chapter has 42 references.

scholarly journals CU-375 (MULTILOAD)

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 211-215
Author(s):  
AISHA SIDDIQA ◽  
KAUSAR MASOOM
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding ◽  
Contraceptive Device ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effective Contraceptive

Objectives: To study the complications associated with the use of multi-load CU375 and reasonsfor discontinuing its use. Design: Descriptive Study. Place and duration of study: From 10th January 2002 to 10thJanuary 2004. Private Clinic: Saleem Medical Complex Quetta. Patients & Methods: The study populationincluded 100 women aged 22 – 35 years requiring contraception in the form of multi-load CU 375. Patients and insome cases their husbands were counseled and selected according to a pre-set proforma. Results: Out of 100patients the mean age of the acceptors was 30 years and mean parity was 4. Insertion of the device was very easy,main complications were disturbed menstrual cycle, heavy menstrual bleeding experienced by 40%, inter-menstrualspotting by 8% and continuous vaginal bleeding by 3%, 2% of the patients had gestational ammenorrhea of 8 &12weeks. Vaginal discharge was complained of by 10%. There were two expulsions and 7 removals, reasons forremoval were metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, pain and spotting in most cases. There were no cases of perforation orectopic pregnancy. Conclusion: It was concluded that multi-load CU 375 is an effective contraceptive device withmenstrual irregularities and pelvic inflammatory disease being the main complications and principle causes forremoval of IUCD.

Paediatric and adolescent gynaecology

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-84
Author(s):  
Brianna Cloke
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Healthcare Professional ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities

This chapter discusses aspects of women’s health in children and adolescents. It starts with the normal and abnormal features of puberty, the basics of the menstrual cycle, and labial development. Congenital abnormalities and difference in sexual development are covered. Vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, and adolescent endometriosis and PCOS are outlined. Contraceptive choices for teenagers are shown. Pregnancy and sexual health in the adolescent is explained, alongside resources for both the healthcare professional and the patient. Eating disorders and child protection are also covered.

Normal and Abnormal Menstruation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet E. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Precise Integration ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Primary And Secondary Amenorrhea ◽  
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
The Relationship

Normal reproductive function requires precise integration of hormonal events involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the ovary, with the uterus, vagina, and breast acting as key end organs for ovarian steroid effects. This chapter discusses the physiology of the reproductive system in women; the assessment of reproductive function; and the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of primary and secondary amenorrhea, abnormal vaginal bleeding—including menorrhagia, menometrorrhagia, and hypomenorrhea—and dysmenorrhea. Figures illustrate the relationship between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries in reproductive function and normal menstrual cycle function; an algorithm depicts the evaluation of amenorrhea. Tables list the relative frequency of the causes of amenorrhea and the neuroanatomic causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This chapter has 42 references.

SUPPRESSION OF CONCENTRATION OF ENDOMETRIAL PROSTAGLANDIN IN EARLY INTRA-UTERINE AND ECTOPIC PREGNANCY IN WOMEN

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGARET H. ABEL ◽  
S. K. SMITH ◽  
D. T. BAIRD
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Contraceptive Device ◽  
Intact Group ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies ◽  
Secretory Endometrium

Concentrations of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and prostaglandin E (PGE) were measured in endometrium from 18 women with ectopic pregnancies. In the nine pregnancies not associated with vaginal bleeding or an intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD; intact ectopics), concentrations of PGF2α (12·8 ± 7·4 (s.e.m.) ng/g) and PGE (4·7 ± 3·0 ng/g) were similar to those in decidua from nine intra-uterine pregnancies of comparable gestational age (14·4 ± 4·4 and 8·2 ± 2·2 ng/g respectively). In both ectopic and intra-uterine pregnancies concentrations of prostaglandins were significantly lower than those found in endometrium throughout the normal menstrual cycle (P < 0·01). In nine ectopic pregnancies with associated vaginal bleeding and/or an IUCD, concentrations of PGF2α and PGE were significantly higher than in the intact group (P < 0·05), although the concentration of PGF2α remained significantly lower than levels in normal secretory endometrium (P < 0·05). These results suggested that suppression of endometrial synthesis of prostaglandin during early pregnancy may be mediated systemically rather than through a local action of the conceptus.

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