When Western History Tried to Reinvent Itself: Revisionism, Controversy, and the Reception of the New Western History

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Massip
Keyword(s):  
Central Place ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
American Identity ◽  
Press Coverage ◽  
The West ◽  
Western History ◽  
Creation Myth ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Abstract This article reviews the reception of the New Western History, whose emergence coincided with the history and culture wars of the late twentieth century. I analyze debates and arguments created by revisionists’ writings, both within the walls of academia and beyond. The discussions which the movement triggered within the historical profession led to exceptional press coverage that attested to the central place the West occupies in the American imagination. Similarly, the uproar generated by the 1991 Smithsonian’s West as America exhibition further demonstrated Americans’ singular attachment to the story of the West as the creation myth of the nation. Just as the culture wars of the period hinged on a definition of an American identity, the reappraisal of the western past was perceived, by some, as questioning what it meant to be a westerner and, ultimately, an American.

Social Exclusion and Inclusion

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Lyons ◽  
Nathalie Huegler
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Work ◽  
International Development ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The term social exclusion achieved widespread use in Europe from the late twentieth century. Its value as a concept that is different from poverty, with universal relevance, has since been debated. It is used in Western literature about international development, and some authors have linked it to the notion of capabilities. However, it is not widely used in the social work vocabulary. Conversely, the notion of social inclusion has gained in usage and application. This links with values that underlie promotion of empowerment and participation, whether of individuals, groups, or communities. Both terms are inextricably linked to the realities of inequalities within and between societies and to the principles of human rights and social justice that feature in the international definition of social work.

Wallace Stegner's Arabian Discovery: Imperial Blind Spots in a Continental Vision

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-438
Author(s):  
ROBERT VITALIS
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
American Identity ◽  
The West ◽  
Western History ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Oil Company ◽  
Blind Spots

In 1956 Wallace Stegner wrote a history of the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco), but it was only published fifteen years later——in Beirut. The book complicates the view of Stegner as a destroyer of American western myths and a forerunner of the social and environmental turn in western history. Stegner shared with those who bought his services some problematic ideas about American identity and history in the context of the Cold War. His forgotten history of oil exploration in Saudi Arabia reveals the blind spots in his ““continental vision,”” an inability or unwillingness to see the moment as part of the long, unbroken past of the U.S. West. Stegner's journey, from chronicler of the despoiling of the West by eastern oil and copper barons to defender of cultural diversity and the collective commons, stopped, as it has for many other Americanists, at the water's edge.

scholarly journals V.M. SHUKSHIN AND “NEW PEASANT POETS”: SURVIVED CHILDREN OF NOT SURVIVED FATHERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
A.A. Shorokhov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The article combines two significant historical and literary phenomena. The first is a group of Russian poets and prose writers of the early twentieth century, known under the general name “new peasant poets”. The second is a group of Russian writers of the late twentieth century, whose work has received a steady definition of “village prose”. V.M. Shukshin’s works are also referred to this cultural phenomenon. The article attempts to get away from simplifying definitions of “urban romance”, “village prose”, and to establish the civilizational continuity of Shukshin’s work with “new peasant poets” of the early twentieth century. The author also tries to consider the phenomenon of the group of “new peasant poets” from the cultural, philosophical and historical-biographical points of view – In the unity of their work, fate and dramatic changes in the history of Russia. The article uses theoretical works on Russian and world literature and history by M.M. Bakhtin, V.V. Kozhinova, I.R. Shafarevich, G.I. Shmeleva, P.F. Alyoshkina, S.Yu. and S.S. Kunyaevs, recent publications on Shukshin’s works by V.I. Belov, A.D. Zabolotsky, and A.N. Varlamov.

scholarly journals Ligeti the Maverick? An examination of Ligeti’s ambivalent role in contemporary music

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Michael Searby
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Complex Situation ◽  
Gyorgy Ligeti ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Twentieth Century Music ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cultural Movement ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The Hungarian composer György Ligeti is often described as a maverick by commentators on late twentieth-century music, and this article examines the evidence for using such a label. To what extent can Ligeti be genuinely considered a maverick? Or is this epithet an over-simplification of a more complex situation? The OED’s definition of a maverick (‘an unorthodox or independent-minded person: a person who refuses to conform to the views of a particular group or party: an individualist’) is close to the often stated view of Ligeti when compared with his peers, and it is also the view that Ligeti himself seemed to want to project in his many interviews. When accused by Helmut Lachenmann in 1984 of ‘selling out’—initiated by a performance of Ligeti’s rather postmodernist-sounding Horn Trio—Ligeti claimed that he was actually composing non-atonal rather than postmodernist music. This suggests that he felt that he was not following the prevailing new cultural movement of postmodernism, though works such as Hungarian Rock for harpsichord, with its use of tonality and influences of jazz, seem to undermine this assertion.  When one compares Ligeti’s Apparitions for orchestra with Penderecki’s contemporaneous Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima, it is possible to observe the similarities of approach, which hint that Ligeti’s music conforms to a more general approach to composing in the 1960s, focused on texture and timbre. When one views Ligeti’s entire oeuvre, one can see that he did in fact follow various contemporary compositional trends. Through a nuanced evaluation of Ligeti’s approach, the article concludes that the term ‘maverick’ does not do justice to the wide range of his output.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS PERVERSION IN THE WEST

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-108
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Roudinesco
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Critical Philosophy ◽  
The West ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Century Science ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The concept of ‘perversion’ is introduced, with all its resonances from the vocabulary of psychopathology and more generally in critical philosophy, in juxtaposition to the philosophy and values of the Enlightenment, following Adorno and Horkheimer's evaluation in the light of the monstrosities of twentieth-century history. The author considers recent perverse developments in the culture of late twentieth-century science, in particular cognitivism, in their relation to the psychoanalytic tradition and the vision of humanity found in these competing traditions. The paper finally considers three modern test-domains: contradictory responses to prostitution; pornographic therapy; the borderlands between the animal, the robot and the human.

Response to Eric Arnesen

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Foner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The Political ◽  
White American ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Racial Context ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Eric Arnesen's essay highlights some real weaknesses in the burgeoning literature of whiteness and raises serious questions about the use of whiteness as a category of historical analysis. It effectively highlights the ambiguity of the concept and the way it tends to homogenize individuals who differ among themselves on numerous issues, including the definition of race. Moreover, the notion that European immigrants had to “become” white ignores a longstanding legal structure, dating back to the time of the Constitution, that incorporated these immigrants within the category of white American. Nonetheless, Arnesen fails to take account of some of the positive contributions of this literature, or to locate its popularity in the political and racial context of the late twentieth century. Rather than being abandoned, the concept of whiteness must be refined and historicized.

The Myth of Cyril and Methodius and Competing Maps of Europe

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-272
Author(s):  
Brian Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The West ◽  
John Paul Ii ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

AbstractFor over a millennium, the myth of Saints Cyril and Methodius has played a vital role in European Christianity. In the late twentieth century, both John Paul II and Aleksii II appealed to the saints but, in doing so, projected different 'maps' of the continent. For the pope, who imagined a Christian Europe stretching from the Atlantic to the Urals, the saints were bridge-builders and exemplars of ecumenism. For the patriarch, the Cyrillomethodian heritage identified Russia as an Orthodoxbelieving, Cyrillic-writing nation distinct from the West. Thus, while John Paul used the myth to amalgamate, Aleksii used it to differentiate.

Pixel Cowboys and Silicon Gold Mines: Videogames of the American West

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wills
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
American West ◽  
Western History ◽  
Gold Mines ◽  
Buffalo Bill ◽  
Dime Novel ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Wild West ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This article explores representations of the American West in computer and videogames from the late 1970s through 2006. The article reveals how several titles, including the early Boot Hill (1977), invoked classic nineteenth-century western motifs, employing the six-shooter, wagon train, and iron horse to sell late twentieth-century entertainment technology to a global audience. Such games allowed players, typically adolescent males, to recreate a version of history and to participate actively in the more violent aspects of the ““Wild West.”” The arcade Western emerged as a subgenre within computer entertainment, offering a distinctive, interactive amalgam of popular frontier-based fictions, including the nineteenth-century dime novel, Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West show, and the modern Hollywood western. Computer technology thus served established myths surrounding the ““Wild West,”” even as New Western History was challenging their authenticity.

scholarly journals Peacekeeping in a changing world at the turn of the century

nauka.me ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Victoria Zagitova
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Conflict Prevention ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Political processes have been challenged since the the late twentieth century as many new actors have been involved in the international relations. As a result, a definition of peacekeeping has been considerably changed compared to what was laid down in the UN Charter by the countries-founders. The globalization and technological development have influenced the transformation of peacekeeping. Meanwhile, the tendency of using military force to maintain peace is increasing. What is peacekeeping now, and could it be considered as an effective tool of peace maintenance and conflict prevention throughout the world?

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