Containerized Jeffrey Pine Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Response to Mycorrhizal Inoculation and Controlled Release Fertilization

Abstract Ectomycorrhizal inoculation with basidiospores of Pisolithus tinctorius and fertilization with two controlled release nutrient formulations, High N 24-4-7 and Sierra 16-6-10 Plus Minors, were evaluated for their effects on containerized Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) seedlings. Noninoculated and nonfertilized seedlings and a water soluble fertilizer treatment using Peters 20-10-20 provided for comparisons of mycorrhizal and nutrient amendment effects on growth and mineral nutrition. At 6 months, inoculated seedlings had greater root dry weight while fertilization increased shoot dimensions and weight, with the response to controlled release nutrients exceeding that to water soluble fertilizer. After 12 months, inoculation increased mycorrhizal formation, and inoculated seedlings had greater shoot volume as well as root volume, dry weight, and total length. Controlled release fertilization also promoted greater shoot growth than water soluble nutrients at the final measurement, while root system development was comparable overall among fertilized seedlings regardless of nutrient formulation. Foliar analysis revealed that concentrations of most macro- and micronutrients were sufficient for adequate seedling nutrition in all treatments. However, inoculated seedlings exhibited greater uptake of P, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Fertilization generally increased foliar concentrations of all of the above elements except Mg and Fe, but also increased N uptake. Overall, these results suggest that inoculation with P. tinctorius and controlled release fertilization with High N 24-4-7 and Sierra 16-6-10 facilitate production of Jeffrey pine container stock suitable for outplanting on harsh sites. West. J. Appl. For. 12(2):33-40.

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Controlled Release Fertilizer Effects on Growth and Foliar Nutrient Concentration of Container Grown Jeffrey Pine and Singleleaf Pinyon

Western Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/wjaf/7.4.113 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 113-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. F. Walker ◽

C. D. Huntt

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Nutrient Concentration ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Pinus Monophylla ◽

Jeffrey Pine ◽

Pine Seedlings ◽

Foliar Nutrient ◽

Soluble Fertilizer ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizers

Abstract Two controlled release fertilizers, Sierra 17-6-12 Plus Minors controlled release nutrients and Agriform 14-4-6 container tablets, were evaluated for their effects on containerized Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) planting stock. Seedlings produced with a conventional water soluble fertilizer, Peters 20-10-20, and unfertilized seedlings provided bases for comparison of fertilizer effects on growth and mineral nutrition. After 12 mo, mean volume of Jeffrey pine seedlings fertilized with Sierra prills exceeded that of Agriform and Peters treatments by >40% and unfertilized seedlings by 215%. Volume of singleleaf pinyon in the Sierra and Peters treatments exceeded those of the Agriform and unfertilized treatments by ≥100%. Shoot/root ratios of seedlings fertilized with Agriform tablets were significantly higher than those of the other treatments in both species. Foliar analyses for 11 plant-essential elements revealed that concentrations of most elements in fertilized seedlings were sufficient for adequate seedling nutrition. Apparent luxury consumption of one or more nutrients, particularly N, was detected in Jeffrey pine fertilized with Sierra prills and Agriform tablets. Overall, Sierra 17-6-12 proved effective for growth of Jeffrey pine and singleleaf pinyon container seedlings, while Agriform 14-4-6 was marginal for growing Jeffrey pine and unsuitable for singleleaf pinyon. West. J. Appl. For. 7(4):113-117.

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CONTROLLED-RELEASE FERTILIZER REGIMES INFLUENCE PRODUCTION AND POSTPRODUCTION QUALITY OF POTTED CHRYSANTHEMUMS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1092d ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1092d-1092

Author(s):

T.L. Prince ◽

H.K. Tayama ◽

T.A. Prince ◽

N.R. Bhat ◽

S.A. Carver

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Flower Color ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Floral Longevity ◽

Foliar Nutrient ◽

Foliar Senescence ◽

Soluble Fertilizer ◽

Fertilizer Regimes

Controlled-release fertilizers (CRF), Nutricote 14N–6.2P-11.6K or Osmocote 14N-6.2P-11.6K, at the recommended rate (1×) and at half that rate (0.5×) plus 200 mg/l N of Peter's 20N-4.4P-16.6K water soluble fertilizer at every irrigation were applied to potted chrysanthemums cv. `Bright Golden Anne' and `Torch'. Production and postproduction quality was evaluated. CRF applications (1×) resulted in reductions of plant height (-10%), plant diameter (-17%), leaf area (-35%), and leaf dry weight (-47%), but did not affect number of flowers compared to plants receiving only water soluble fertilizer. Application of water soluble fertilizer with CRF (0.5×) increased foliar nutrient levels above water soluble fertilizer application alone, or above either CRF (1×). CRF applications (1×) resulted in improved floral longevity (up to +8 days) and flower color rating (up to +54%), and less foliar senescence (up to -45%) than the water soluble fertilizer application alone, or either of the CRFS (0.5×) used with water soluble fertilizer.

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Fertilizer Composition, Concentration, and Irrigation Method Affect Growth and Development of Oxalis regnellii and O. triangularis

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.46.8.1110 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (8) ◽

pp. 1110-1115 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chad T. Miller ◽

Neil S. Mattson ◽

William B. Miller

Keyword(s):

Slow Release ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Fertilizer Treatment ◽

Greenhouse Crops ◽

Overhead Irrigation ◽

Current Water ◽

Soluble Fertilizer ◽

Fertilizer Rates

Oxalis regnellii, the shamrock plant, and O. triangularis are niche ornamental greenhouse crops produced and marketed primarily for their foliage; thus, it is imperative to produce the fullest, most colorful, and blemish-free plants as possible. An experiment was conducted using O. regnellii, comparing two irrigation methods, overhead (drip) irrigation versus subirrigation, in addition to varying 20N–2.2P–16.6K fertilizer concentrations, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 500 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N). Overhead irrigation produced larger plants with increased root mass as compared with subirrigation. Low or high fertilizer concentration (50 mg·L−1 N and 500 mg·L−1 N, respectively) led to reductions in the fresh and dry weight of overhead-irrigated plants compared with intermediate fertilizer rates. At the highest fertilizer treatment, plant height was decreased. Chlorophyll index (based on SPAD readings) increased linearly and quadratically for subirrigated and overhead-irrigated plants, respectively. A second study analyzed the effects of seven different fertilizer formulations on growth of O. regnellii and O. triangularis. The fertilizers used in this study were Jack's LX All Purpose (21N–2.2P–16.6K), Peter's Professional (20N–8.8P–16.6K), Jacks Poinsettia FeED Ca-Mg (15N–1.7P–12.5K), Jack's Petunia FeED Mg (20N–1.3P–15.7K), Peter's Professional Peat-Lite Dark Weather Feed (15N–0P–12.5K), Peter's Excel Cal-Mag (15N–2.2P–12.5K), and the slow-release fertilizer Osmocote® (14N–4.2P–11.6K). Growth of both species was significantly reduced by fertilizers that contained little or no phosphorus (P). Current water-soluble fertilizer recommendations of 21N–2.2P–16.6K or slow-release granule fertilizer of 14N–4.2P–11.6K (Osmocote®) produced acceptable, marketable plants, whereas the best O. regnellii and O. triangularis plants were produced using 15N–2.2P–12.5K and 20N–1.3P–15.7K formulations, likely as a result of the additional calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) in the mixtures.

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Effects of Controlled-Release Fertilizer Placement on Nutrient Leaching and Growth of Bedding Impatiens

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-33.2.58 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 58-65

Author(s):

G.A. Andiru ◽

C.C. Pasian ◽

J.M. Frantz

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Tap Water ◽

Canopy Cover ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽

Bedding Plants ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Application Rates ◽

Soluble Fertilizer

Bedding impatiens plants were grown with a 16N-3.9P-10K controlled-release-fertilizer (CRF) of 5–6 or 8–9 month longevities placed at four positions in the container: top-dressed, incorporated, top-one-third, and bottom. These were compared to plants grown with a 20N-4.4P-16.6 water-soluble fertilizer (WSF) at a rate of 150 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N) (150 ppm N). All treatments received the same volume of tap water (CRF treatments) or fertilizer solution (WSF treatment), which was enough to achieve a 20 to 30% leaching fraction. Leachates were collected and measured at each irrigation and the concentrations of N, phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) were measured. Shoot dry weight (SDW) and canopy cover (CC) were also determined. Fertilizing with WSF produced plants of similar size as CRF treatments. CRF applied at the bottom of the substrate leached the highest amount of N among all treatments. Higher concentrations for most nutrients were measured in the leachates from containers treated with 5–6 month CRF during the first 20 d after planting than the next 23 to 34 days. The higher levels of nutrients in the leachates observed within two weeks after planting does not support the use of 5–6 month CRF at the application rates used in this experiment with short-cycle plants such as bedding plants in compared to use of WSF. Except for the bottom placement treatment, the use of 8–9 month CRF resulted in generally less nutrients leached than WSF.

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Effects of Fertilizer on Media Chemistry and Red-flowering Currant Seedling Growth Using a Subirrigation System

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13444-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (12) ◽

pp. 1862-1871

Author(s):

Layla J. Dunlap ◽

Jeremiah R. Pinto ◽

Anthony S. Davis

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Field Performance ◽

Plant Morphology ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Fertilizer Treatment ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽

The Media ◽

Soluble Fertilizer

Water conservation in nursery systems is an ever-increasing focus, yet there is relatively little guidance for growers producing seedlings intended for restoration regarding how practices such as subirrigation influence plant growth in the nursery and after outplanting. Our study investigated red-flowering currant (Ribes sanguineum Pursh) seedling development and early field performance using different fertilizer treatments under a subirrigation regime. Plants were fertilized with 1) incorporated organic fertilizer, 2) incorporated controlled-release fertilizer, 3) top-dressed controlled-release fertilizer, or 4) water-soluble fertilizer. We found that seedlings grown with organic fertilizer used significantly less water than all other treatments. Media electrical conductivity (EC) levels were significantly greater in the organic fertilizer treatment, and EC values in the top portion of the media were significantly greater than the middle or bottom portions for all fertilizer treatments. The remaining subirrigation water at the end of 22 weeks held 17% of applied nitrogen (N) from the water-soluble fertilizer treatment and less than 1% of applied N from the other fertilizer treatments. We observed no differences in plant morphology among fertilizer treatments. Seedlings were subsequently out-planted into low- and high-competition treatments, where myriad factors indicated reduced growth among high-competition compared with low-competition plots, highlighting that competition for soil water limited seedling performance. These results indicate that a variety of fertilizers can be used to grow red-flowering currant under subirrigation and that postplanting growth is enhanced with control of competing vegetation.

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Effect of Several Controlled-Release Fertilizers on the Growth of Four Foliage Plants

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-2.3.77 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 77-81

Author(s):

Kenneth C. Sanderson ◽

Linda G. Waterhouse ◽

W.C. Martin ◽

Richard M. Patterson ◽

John C. Williams

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Liquid Fertilizer ◽

Green Color ◽

Visual Rating ◽

Soluble Fertilizer ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizers

Five types of controlled-release fertilizers were evaluated in individual experiments on Dieffenbachia amoena Bull., Philodendron scandens subsp. oxycardium Shott. Bunt. and Ficus benjamina L. Precise 12.0N-2.6P-5.0K (12-6-6) an encapsulated liquid fertilizer, applied at 656 kg (569 lb/A) N per ha per year, produced similar Dieffenbachia and Philodendron plant dry weights as 5 impregnated vermiculite and one ureaformaldehyde applied at higher rates of N. In a comparison with a water soluble 20.0N-8.7P-6.6K (20-20-20) fertilizer on Brassaia actinophylla Endl., dry weights and foliage color ratings of Brassaia plants fertilized with the water soluble fertilizer were greater than those of plants receiving the controlled release fertilizers. Ficus height, visual rating, dry weight and differences in green color values of leaves of plants fertilized with Precise 12.0N-2.6P-5.0K (12-6-6) were greater than those receiving other controlled-release fertilizer treatments. In a second experiment, Ficus plants fertilized with high rates of several controlled-release fertilizers and Scott Pro-Grow 25.0N-2.2P-8.2K (25-10-10) rates were equal or better in growth than plants receiving Precise and Osmocote 14.0N-6.1P-ll.6K (14-14-14). Mag Amp 7.ON-I7.4P-4.1K (7-40-6) plants treated with 900 kg/ha (784 Ib/A) and 1200 kg/ha (1045 lb/A) performed poorly in all growth parameters measured. Plant growth from high rates of controlled-release fertilizers surface applied at the beginning of the experiment was equal to that produced with 20.0N-8.7P-16.6K (20-20-20) soluble fertilizer applied weekly at the rate of 1582 kg N/ha (1477 lb/A) per year.

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Longleaf Pine Root System Development and Seedling Quality in Response to Copper Root Pruning and Cavity Size

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/35.1.5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 5-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mary Anne Sword Sayer ◽

Shi-Jean Susana Sung ◽

James D. Haywood

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Root System ◽

System Development ◽

Longleaf Pine ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Pruning ◽

Cavity Size ◽

Root System Development ◽

Primary Lateral

Abstract Cultural practices that modify root system structure in the plug of container-grown seedlings have the potential to improve root system function after planting. Our objective was to assess how copper root pruning affects the quality and root system development of longleaf pine seedlings grown in three cavity sizes in a greenhouse. Copper root pruning increased seedling size, the allocation of root system dry weight to the taproot, and the fraction of fibrous root mass allocated to secondary lateral roots compared with primary lateral roots. It decreased the allocation of root system dry weight to primary lateral roots and led to a distribution of root growth potential that more closely resembled the root growth of naturally sown seedlings. These effects of copper root pruning may benefit longleaf pine establishment. However, because copper root pruning increased competition for cavity growing space among the taproot and fibrous roots, we suggest that recommendations regarding cavity size and seedling quality parameters be tailored for copper-coated cavities.

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Mid-Season Reapplication of Controlled Release Fertilizers Affect ‘Helleri’ Holly Growth and N Content of Substrate Solution and Effluent

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-12.4.181 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 181-186

Author(s):

Melinda C. Shiflett ◽

Alex X. Niemiera ◽

Carol E. Leda

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Irrigation Amount ◽

N Content ◽

Early Season ◽

Substrate Solution ◽

Foliar N ◽

Leaching Fraction ◽

Soluble Fertilizer ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizers

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine how a mid-season CRF (controlled release fertilizer) reapplication to container-grown Ilex crenata ‘Helleri’ Thunb. affected growth, substrate solution N content, and the amount on N leached compared to a single early season CRF application (control). ‘Helleri’ holly liners were initially fertilized (March 7) with an 8 to 9 month CRF, Osmocote 18N-2.6P-9.9K (18-6-12), or a 12 to 14 month CRF, Osmocote 17N-3.1P-9.9K (17-7-12). A subset of plants received a CRF reapplication (half rate) of the respective Osmocote formulation on July 19, August 2, or August 16. In addition, 12 plants received a water soluble fertilizer solution (WSF) with each irrigation starting on July 19. All effluent was collected and analyzed for N. Substrate solution N and electrical conductivity (EC) levels (via the pour-through method) and foliar N concentrations were determined every two weeks. Throughout the experiment, plants were irrigated with an irrigation amount that resulted in an ≈ 0.25 leaching fraction (LF). Plant width was determined on November 1. Plant width values were higher for the first and second reapplication and WSF treatments for both formulations than the control. However, in terms of commercial size grades, plants of all treatments were in the same grade. Thus, there was no economic advantage to reapplying CRF. We concluded that CRF reapplication was not necessary when substrate solution N and foliar N values were ≥ 20 mg N/liter and ≥ 2.3%, respectively. Irrigating at a LF of 0.2, the mid-season CRF application increased the amount of N lost from containers by 42% compared to a single, early season CRF application.

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503 PB 219 RECYCLING SOLUTIONS AND METHOD OF FERTILIZATION INFLUENCE GROWTH OF HYBRID GERANIUM

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.503e ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 503e-503

Author(s):

Patricia R. Knight ◽

D. Joseph Eakes ◽

Charles H. Gilliam ◽

Harry G. Ponder

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Plant Quality ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Peat Moss ◽

Production Medium ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽

Soluble Fertilizer ◽

Receiving Water

Seed geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey `Scarlet Elite') were grown in subirrigation troughs in 10-cm pots from 25 June to 3 August 1993. Production medium was a 1 pine bark:3 peat moss:1 perlite (v:v:v) mixture. Plants were irrigated using fresh or recycled solutions and fertilized using Peter's Geranium Special 15N-6.5P-12.5K or Osmocote 14N-6.1P-11.6K. Controlled release fertilizer produced greater shoot dry weights and foliar color ratings than plants receiving water soluble fertilizer. Plants receiving a controlled release fertilizer had lower shoot N concentrations than plants receiving water soluble fertilizer. Recycled irrigation solutions reduced plant quality regardless of method of fertilization.

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Growth of Poinsettias, Nutrient Leaching, and Water-use Efficiency Respond to Irrigation Methods

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.8.858 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (8) ◽

pp. 858-864 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

John M. Dole ◽

Janet C. Cole ◽

Sharon L. von Broembsen

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽

The Media ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Soluble Fertilizer ◽

Mn Concentration ◽

Ebb And Flow

`Gutbier V-14 Glory' poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex. Klotzsch) grown with ebb-and-flow irrigation used the least amount of water and produced the least runoff, and plants grown with capillary mats used the greatest amount of water and produced the most runoff, compared to microtube and hand-watering systems. The maximum amount of water retained by the pots and media was greatest for the microtube and ebb-and-flow systems and became progressively lower for the hand-watering and capillary mat systems. The media and leachate electrical conductivity from plants grown with subirrigation systems was higher than those grown with top irrigation. For the two top-irrigation systems (microtube and hand-watering), plants grown with 250 mg N/liter from a 20N-4.4P-16.6K water-soluble fertilizer had greater leaf, stem, and total dry weights than those grown with 175 mg N/liter. The two subirrigation systems (ebb-and-flow and capillary mat) produced plants that were taller and had greater leaf, stem, and total dry weights when grown with 175 than with 250 mg N/liter. The higher fertilizer concentration led to increased N, P, Fe, and Mn concentration in the foliage. Nitrogen concentration was higher in top-irrigated plants than in subirrigated plants. The ebb-and-flow system produced the greatest total dry weight per liter of water applied and per liter of runoff; capillary mat watering was the least efficient in regard to water applied and runoff.

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