CHAPTER 4: Emergence and Spread of New Races of Wheat Rust Fungi: Continued Threat to Food Security and Prospects of Genetic Control

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-79
Author(s):  
Yue Jin ◽  
James Kolmer ◽  
Les Szabo ◽  
Matthew N. Rouse ◽  
Mogens S. Hovmøller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
New Races ◽  
Wheat Rust

Increased Lipoxygenase Activity is Involved in the Hypersensitive Response of Wheat Leaf Cells Infected with A virulent Rust Fungi or Treated with Fungal Elicitor

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 559-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Ocampo ◽  
Bruno Moerschbacher ◽  
Hans J. Grambow
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Lipoxygenase Activity ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Compatible Interaction ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Wheat Rust

The hypersensitive reaction in incompatible wheat-rust interactions is characterized by an increase in lipoxygenase activity detectable as early as 28 h after penetration of the pathogen. In contrast, lipoxygenase activity in the compatible interaction did not increase until the onset of sporulation.Lipoxygenase activity also increased following treatment of wheat leaves with an elicitor fraction from germ tubes of Puccinia graminis tritici.

scholarly journals William Pollock Fraser (1867-1943) : Canadian pioneer plant pathologist-mycologist

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
R.H. Estey
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Forest Pathology ◽  
Pathology Laboratory ◽  
Pioneer Plant ◽  
Mcgill University ◽  
The University ◽  
Wheat Rust

William P. Fraser, the first Canadian-born plant pathologist-mycologist to be internationally recognized as such, began as an amateur collector of fungi, with emphasis on the plant rusts, while teaching school in his home province, Nova Scotia. He then became a widely acclaimed authority on the rusts and a professional plant pathologist-mycologist. He taught plant pathology and mycology, first at McGill University and then, after an interval as head of the first plant pathology laboratory in Western Canada, at the University of Saskatchewan. Fraser was a Canadian pioneer in research on physiological races of wheat rust; in the culture of heteroecious rust fungi, in forest pathology, and in the study of root and smut diseases of grasses in Western Canada.

scholarly journals Molecular Analysis of Turfgrass Rusts Reveals the Widespread Distribution of Puccinia coronata as a Pathogen of Kentucky Bluegrass in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (12) ◽  
pp. 1547-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Beirn ◽  
Melinda Moy ◽  
William A. Meyer ◽  
Bruce B. Clarke ◽  
Jo Anne Crouch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Puccinia Coronata ◽  
5.8S Rdna ◽  
Rust Diseases ◽  
New Races ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Identification Techniques

Over the past 10 years, rust diseases have become increasingly prevalent on certain cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass. This pattern suggests that new races or new species of rust fungi may have emerged. To test this hypothesis, 66 samples of turfgrass rust fungi collected from across the United States were evaluated based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-5.8S rDNA region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three species: Puccinia coronata, P. graminis, and P. striiformis, comprising 67, 28, and 5% of the samples, respectively. P. coronata was frequently found in association with Kentucky bluegrass, a host–pathogen relationship that has not been previously reported. Comparison of molecular analyses with the use of standard field identification techniques—host association and pustule pigmentation—showed that 58% of the Kentucky bluegrass samples would have been incorrectly diagnosed using nonmolecular criteria. To avoid such misidentifications, a real-time polymerase chain reaction diagnostic protocol was developed for turfgrass-associated P. graminis, P. coronata, and P. striiformis using ITS sequences. Accurate, reproducible, species-specific identifications were made using as few as 50 to 150 urediniospores, even in mixed infections. This study represents the first DNA-based evaluation of turfgrass rust fungi and provides a quick and reliable sequence-based protocol as an alternative to less reliable field-based identification techniques.

Advances in understanding the biology and epidemiology of rust diseases of cereals

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-38
Author(s):  
Vanessa Bueno-Sancho ◽  
◽  
Clare M. Lewis ◽  
Diane G. O. Saunders ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
Rust Diseases ◽  
Wheat Rust

Rust fungi (order: Pucciniales) constitute the largest group of plant parasitic fungi and include many species of agricultural importance. This includes the three wheat rust fungi (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia triticina) that have posed a threat to crop production throughout history. This chapter provides an overview of the wheat rust pathogen lifecycle that has been critical to the design of effective disease management strategies and discusses recent integration of basic biological knowledge and genomic-led tools within an epidemiological framework. Furthermore, we include a case study on the “field pathogenomics” technique, illustrating the value of genomic-based tools in disease surveillance activities. Bringing together advances in understanding basic pathogen biology, developments in modelling for disease forecasting and identification, alongside genomic-led advances in surveillance and resistance gene cloning, holds great promise for curtailing the threat of these notorious pathogens.

Sustained genetic control of wheat rust diseases in north-eastern Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 854 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Platz ◽  
J. A. Sheppard
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Rust Diseases ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The University ◽  
Wheat Rust

Control of wheat rusts in north-eastern Australia has been based on resistance breeding since the early 1920s. It has been an enduring journey of discovery, disappointment, and achievement, which has culminated in a pool of knowledge and expertise upon which today’s plant breeders can efficiently target durable resistance to the major rust diseases. This paper outlines significant advances in genetic control of rusts in the region, with particular emphasis on the invaluable role played by the University of Sydney rust control program and its influence on wheat breeding in the region and throughout Australia.

scholarly journals Genetic variability of Puccinia triticina Eriks. in Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vânia Bianchin ◽  
Amarilis Labes Barcellos ◽  
Erlei Melo Reis ◽  
Camila Turra
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Plant Type ◽  
Vertical Resistance ◽  
New Races ◽  
Wheat Rust

Studies on the genetic variability of Puccinia triticina in inoculum collected in Brazil started in 1941 with Vallega (20). The pioneering work in Brazil dates from 1949 (16) at "Instituto Agronômico do Sul", Ministry of Agriculture (MA), in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), and continued after 1975 at Embrapa Wheat in Passo Fundo, RS. In 2002, analyses for the identification of P. triticina races continued at OR Seed breeding, simultaneously to Embrapa's program, both in Passo Fundo. The investigators involved in the identification of races in Brazil were Ady Raul da Silva in Pelotas (MA), Eliza Coelho in Pelotas (MA) and in Passo Fundo (Embrapa), Amarilis Labes Barcellos in Pelotas (MA) and in Passo Fundo (Embrapa and OR), Camila Turra in Passo Fundo (OR) and Marcia Chaves in Passo Fundo (Embrapa). From 1979 to 2010 growing season, 59 races were determined, according to the differentiation based on the expression of each Lr resistance gene. On average, one to three new races are detected per year. Research has focused on the use of vertical resistance; however, lately some institutes have searched more durable resistance, of the adult-plant type (horizontal, less race-specific). The uninterrupted monitoring of the wheat rust pathogenic population in Brazil during so many decades allowed the understanding of the evolution and virulence of races. The use of international nomenclature adopted by some programs has allowed the comparison of the fungus variability in Brazil with that in other countries, especially where frontiers are not barriers for spore transportation, confirmed by the occurrence of the same races all over one region.

Euphysothrips: an Old World genus of Thripidae (Thysanoptera) associated with rust fungi (Pucciniales)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4532 (3) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURENCE A. MOUND
Keyword(s):  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
Hemileia Vastatrix ◽  
History Museum ◽  
The Family ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
Coffee Plants ◽  
The Common ◽  
Wheat Rust

Fungus-feeding is common amongst members of the family Phlaeothripidae that live on dead branches and leaves (Dang et al. 2014). In contrast, associations with fungi are rare amongst the common thrips of the family Thripidae that live in flowers and on leaves. In this family, two species from Africa in the genus Craspedothrips are reported to be associated with the rust fungus, Hemileia vastatrix, on the leaves of coffee plants (Mound et al. 2012), although there are no reports of direct feeding by the thrips on the fungus. However, the two known species of the Asian genus Euphysothrips have been observed to feed on the spores of rust fungi at widely separated localities. One of these, fungivora, was described by Ramakrishna (1928) in the genus Anaphothrips, and he reported this thrips as feeding on “rust” on wheat plants at Coimbatore, India. Ananthakrishnan (1969: 5) subsequently referred to this species as “feeding on the spores of wheat rust, Puccinia graminis”. The second species of Euphysothrips was described by Ramakrishna and Margabandhu (1939) as a new genus and species, Megaphysothrips subramanii, from Mysore in southern India. These authors stated that this thrips was found feeding on coffee rust, and a similar feeding association on coffee was reported from Timor in 1967, when specimens of subramanii were submitted for identification to the Natural History Museum, London. In Timor Leste during August 2018, adults and larvae of subramanii were found commonly on the leaves of coffee plants. The thrips were living only on the reddish-pink patches of Hemileia vastatrix fungus (Fig. 6), and not freely exploring the rest of the leaf surface. Both adults and larvae were difficult to see on these patches of fungus, because each individual was noted to carry a covering of coloured spores. This pinkish covering was shed only when an individual was disturbed by attempts to collect them with a small brush. There was no evidence of feeding damage to the coffee leaves by the thrips, and it appears that subramanii is probably dependent on the rust fungus for its nourishment. 

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