Multi-Year Field Evaluation of Fluorinated Nematicides AgainstMeloidogyne incognitain Carrots

California grows approximately 80% of the U.S. carrot production. The primary production challenges derive from root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Between 2013 and 2016, we evaluated three novel fluorinated nonfumigant nematicides in five field trials. Fluensulfone, fluopyram, and fluazaindolizine were applied as product-ready formulations at various rates, dates, and formulations. They were rated for their efficacy against the Southern root-knot nematode (M. incognita), their ability to mitigate nematode-caused crop damage, and potential to produce marketable carrot yield under high disease pressure. All trials were conducted in randomized complete block designs in M. incognita–infested, sandy-loam fields. Soil population of M. incognita at seeding and harvest, midseason plant vigor and fibrous root galling, harvest taproot galling, and marketable carrot yield were analyzed by ANOVA. Midseason gall ratings were indicative of disease ratings at harvest. All fluazaindolizine and fluensulfone treatments reduced at-harvest galling compared with the untreated controls. Fluopyram resulted in less galling but did not sufficiently protect the lower part of the taproot. Overall, fluazaindolizine at 2.24 kg/ha resulted in the most consistent and highest marketable carrot yield, followed by fluensulfone at 2.95 kg/ha. Both fluazaindolizine and fluensulfone will likely provide effective and target-selective crop protection against root-knot nematodes in fresh carrot production.

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EFFECTS OF RATE AND DEPTH OF APPLICATION OF NEMATICIDE ON NEMATODE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION AND TOMATO PRODUCTION IN A SANDY LOAM GREENHOUSE SOIL

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps75-160 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 1017-1021

Author(s):

P. W. JOHNSON

Keyword(s):

Vertical Distribution ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Control Period ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Fruit Production ◽

High Rate ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Standard Application ◽

Southern Root Knot Nematode

The application of D-D (1,3-dichloropropene and 1,2-dichloropropane) to greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) ground beds at 494 liters/ha (44 imp gal/acre) 20 cm below the soil surface or in split-depth applications of 247 liters/ha (22 imp gal/acre) 20 and 45 cm below the soil surface resulted in deeper control of the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, than a standard application of 247 liters/ha 20 cm below the soil surface. It did not, however, increase the length of the control period sufficiently to protect more than one crop, nor significantly (P = 0.01) increase fruit production over that obtained with the lower rate. Following three successive cropping periods, during which the high rate and split-depth applications were made before the first crop only whereas the lower rate was applied before each of the first two crops, the size and vertical distribution of the nematode populations in all plots were similar through all soil depths from 0 to 150 cm.

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Field performance of tomato varieties resistant to root-knot nematodes

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9820357 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 22 (117) ◽

pp. 357 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

GR Stirling ◽

MF Wachtel

Keyword(s):

Sweet Corn ◽

South Australia ◽

Field Performance ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

Field Trials ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Tomato Variety ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Susceptible Tomato

The performance of 15 potentially useful nematode-resistant tomato varieties (Ace Hy, Better Boy, Bigset, Bonus, Calmart, Magnifico, Monte Carlo, Patriot, Red Supreme, Rich Reward, Surprise, Terrific, VFN Bush, VFN 8 and Vine Ripe) was assessed in field trials at Loveday and Loxton, South Australia. All varieties showed some nematode resistance when grown in sites heavily infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica) and most produced yields which were not significantly less than the commonly used susceptible varieties (Burnley Gem, Floradade, Grosse Lisse and Q3) grown in soil treated with nematicides. However, the nematode-resistant varieties were of limited value commercially because the fruit was either susceptible to cracking or too soft to be transported long distances. In glasshouse tests, biotypes of root-knot nematode capable of attacking resistant varieties were not observed. All resistant varieties exhibited resistance against populations of M. javanica from grape, peach, sweet corn, tomato (variety Floradade), tomato (variety VFN Bush), and against field populations of Meloidogyne from both resistant and susceptible tomato varieties. These results suggest that agronomically acceptable nematode-resistant varieties would be useful in management programs to control root-knot nematodes in the Murray Valley.

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Effect of Southern Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita race 3) on Corn Yields in Alabama

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-2008-0910-01-rs ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. L. Bowen ◽

A. K. Hagan ◽

H. L. Campbell ◽

S. Nightengale

Keyword(s):

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Management Decisions ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Percent Loss ◽

Stage Juvenile ◽

Risk Thresholds ◽

Southern Root Knot Nematode ◽

Soil Losses ◽

Corn Grain

In Alabama and other southeastern states, corn is frequently planted in rotation with cotton and peanut in order to minimize soil-borne pest problems. Even in areas where peanut is not grown, corn is increasingly being planted in rotation with cotton. However, one root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita race 3, causes damage to both cotton and corn. In this study, we determined levels of corn grain loss when southern root-knot nematodes are present in soil. Losses were 3.8 to 11.4% based on preceding years' counts and 2.2 to 7.0% with current years' counts for every 100 2nd-stage juvenile root-knot nematodes in 100 cm ≥ of soil. Knowledge of the percent loss in corn grain due to southern rootknot nematode populations can provide additional guidance for use of risk thresholds when growers are making management decisions. Accepted for publication 21 June 2008. Published 10 September 2008.

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Development of Bell Peppers with Resistance to the Southern Root-knot Nematode

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.4.600c ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 600C-600

Author(s):

R.L. Fery ◽

P.D. Dukes ◽

J.A. Thies

Keyword(s):

Field Tests ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

The United States ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Bell Peppers ◽

Major Pest ◽

Southern Root Knot Nematode ◽

Homozygous Resistant

The southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is a major pest of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) in the United States. Since none of the leading bell pepper cultivars grown in the U.S. exhibit adequate levels of resistance, a breeding program was initiated to incorporate the N root-knot nematode resistance gene into commercial bell pepper germplasm. A backcross breeding procedure was used. The donor parent of the N gene was the open-pollinated, pimiento pepper cultivar Mississippi Nemaheart, and the recurrent parents were the open-pollinated bell pepper cultivars Keystone Resistant Giant and Yolo Wonder. A large number of homozygous resistant BC6 populations were evaluated in field tests in 1995, and two lines (PA-440, an isoline of `Keystone Resistant Giant', and PA-453, an isoline of `Yolo Wonder') were selected for further field evaluation and seed multiplication in 1996. Results of replicated field and greenhouse tests conducted in 1996 indicate that root-knot nematode resistance has been incorporated successfully in `Keystone Resistant Giant' and `Yolo Wonder' backgrounds.

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Efficacy of Neem, Tithonia and Tephrosia Leaf Extracts in Management of Root-Knot Nematodes in French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v7i3.15313 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 240

Author(s):

Joshua K. Njenga ◽

Geofrey K. Gathungu ◽

Jesca N. Mbaka

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Field Trials ◽

Positive Control ◽

French Bean ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Smallholder Farming ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

French Beans ◽

Concentration Levels

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are a major problem in French bean production within the smallholder farming systems. Control of root-knot using synthetic nematicides is not viable due to environmental concerns relating to their toxic residues. There is need to develop alternative control options that will promote soil health and reduce parasitic nematode densities. A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) and Tephrosia (Tephrosia purpurea) leaf extracts in management of root-knot. Controlled lath house and field trials were conducted where the treatments were extracts from Neem, Tithonia and Tephrosia at different concentration levels of 25 ml/L, 50 ml/L and 100 ml/L). Vydate (Oxamyl 10%) a synthetic nematicide served as a standard positive control while treatments with no extracts application and no nematode application served as negative controls. The treatments in the lath house were arranged in completely randomized design while the field trials were arranged in randomized complete block design. Fench beans were planted on nematode infested soils and data on root galling indices and yield components was collected. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance and significantly different means separated using Tukey’s Studentized Range Test at P=0.05. The extracts evaluated reduced root galling with their efficacy being similar to that of Vydate® (Oxamyl 10%) which was used as a positive control. Neem extracts treatments had the lowest mean galling index of the extracts, followed by Tithonia. Root-knot nematode galling indices were highest in the untreated control at 10 both in trial I and trial II. Treatment trials from Neem and Tithonia at concentration levels of 100 ml/L resulted in highest yield of French beans while yield from the untreated plants were the lowest. The results indicate extracts can be adopted to suppress root-knot nematodes.

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Root-knot Nematode Resistance in Capsicum chinense: Development of Resistant Habanero-type Cultivars

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.766b ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 766B-766 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Richard L. Fery* ◽

Judy A. Thies

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

The United States ◽

High Yield ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Nematode Resistance Gene ◽

Race 1 ◽

Southern Root Knot Nematode

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are major pests of pepper (Capsicum spp.) in the United States, and parasitism of susceptible plants can result in severe yield losses. Although cultivars belonging to the species C. annuum account for most of the peppers grown in the United States. Habanero-type cultivars belonging to the species C. chinense are becoming increasingly popular. Unfortunately, all commercial Habanero-type cultivars are susceptible to root-knot nematodes. In 1997, the USDA released three C. chinense germplasm lines that exhibit high levels of resistance to root-knot nematodes. The resistance in these lines is conditioned by a single dominant gene, and this gene conditions resistance to the southern root-knot nematode (M. incognita), the peanut root-knot nematode (M. arenaria race 1), and the tropical root-knot nematode (M. javanica). A recurrent backcross breeding procedure has been used to transfer the C. chinense root-knot nematode resistance gene in Habanero-type germplasm. Several root-knot nematode resistant, Habanero-type candidate cultivars have been developed. Each of these Habanero-type candidate cultivars has a compact plant habit and produces a high yield of orange-colored, lantern-shaped fruit.

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Management of Meloidogyne incognita on cucumber with a new nonfumigant nematicide fluopimomide

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-05-21-0943-re ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Weiping Zhang ◽

Weichao Sun ◽

Huimin Liu ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Shouan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Field Trials ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Vegetable Crop ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Resistance Development ◽

Significant Obstacle ◽

Southern Root Knot Nematode ◽

Cucumber Yield

Cucumber is an economically important vegetable crop in China. Southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is a significant obstacle in cucumber production, causing severe root damage and yield losses. Moreover, resistance development to fosthiazate, and poor mobility of abamectin have led to failure to control this nematode. It is of great interest to growers and the vegetable industry to explore novel nonfumigant nematicides that can provide adequate control in an environmentally friendly manner. Fluopimomide, a new chemical having a similar structure to fluopyram, was shown to exhibit toxic effects on fungi and nematodes. The efficacy of fluopimomide to reduce infection of M. incognita in cucumber was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. In the greenhouse, fluopimomide at all test rates resulted in a 22.5-39.6% and 31.3%-55.0% reduction in the population density of M. incognita in the soil at 30 and 60 days after treatment (DAT), respectively, compared with the non-treated control. Fluopimomide at 500 and 750 g ha-1 reduced (p < 0.05) root galling, meanwhile increasing plant height compared to the non-treated control at 30 and 60 DAT. In the field trials, fluopimomide at 500 and 750 g ha-1 decreased the population density of M. incognita and root galling 57.2-69.9% compared to the untreated control, while enhancing cucumber yield in two consecutive years. Furthermore, fluopimomide at 500 g ha-1 combined with fosthiazate was the most effective treatment showing a synergistic effect on reducing population densities of M. incognita, which was significantly greater than either fluopimomide or fosthiazate by themselves. In summary, fluopimomide has considerable potential for managing M. incognita on cucumber.

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Screening Selected Solanum Plants as Potential Rootstocks for the Management of Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita)

International Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1155/2018/6715909 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Benjamin A. Okorley ◽

Charles Agyeman ◽

Naalamle Amissah ◽

Seloame T. Nyaku

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Reproductive Factors ◽

Field Trials ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Loss Resistance ◽

Infested Field ◽

Field Experimentation ◽

Solanaceous Plants ◽

Susceptible Tomato

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) represent agricultural pest of many economic crops, including tomatoes and potatoes. They advance a complex parasitic relationship with roots of tomato plants leading to modification of host structural and physiological functions in addition to significant yield loss. Resistance in solanaceous plants to RKNs has been identified and associated with the possession of Mi gene. The reaction of four Solanum rootstocks (S. aethiopicum L., S. macrocarpon L., S. lycopersicum L.“Mongal F1,” and S. lycopersicum L. “Samrudhi F1”) was evaluated in pots and in a natural Meloidogyne spp.-infested field in a two-year trial (2015–2016), to identify RKN-resistant rootstock(s), which can be utilized in tomato grafting as a management measure against these nematodes. A rootstock’s reaction to RKNs was assessed using root gall scores (GSs), egg count/g of root, and reproductive factors (Rfs) at the end of 6 and 12 weeks after transplanting (wat) in infested fields, respectively. Solanum macrocarpon, S. aethiopicum, and Mongal F1 showed tolerant responses with reduced root galling and low to high reproductive factors in pot and field experimentation. Although Samrudhi F1 was resistant in both pot and field trials and consistently decreased nematode root galling (<1.00) and reproduction (Rf < 1.00), it failed to significantly increase yield, as compared with the highest yield obtained by the tolerant rootstock, Mongal F1 (870.3 and 1236.6 g/plant, respectively). Evaluation of the four rootstocks against four (0, 500, 1,000, and 5000) RKN inocula levels (Juveniles) showed no significant differences among the growth parameters (fresh and dry shoot and root weights). Root-knot nematode-susceptible tomato varieties, for example, Pectomech F1, a popular tomato variety in Ghana, can be grafted onto the RKN-resistant and RKN-tolerant rootstocks for increased yields.

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Grafting for Management of Southern Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in Watermelon

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-09-0640 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (10) ◽

pp. 1195-1199 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Judy A. Thies ◽

Jennifer J. Ariss ◽

Richard L. Hassell ◽

Steve Olson ◽

Chandrasekar S. Kousik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Bottle Gourd ◽

Cucurbita Moschata ◽

Lagenaria Siceraria ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Germplasm Line ◽

Southern Root Knot Nematode

Four bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) cultivars, one squash (Cucurbita moschata × C. maxima) hybrid, five wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) germplasm lines, and one commercial wild watermelon (C. lanatus var. citroides) cultivar were evaluated as rootstocks for cultivated watermelon (C. lanatus var. lanatus) in fields infested with the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in Charleston, SC in 2007 and 2008, and in Quincy, FL in 2008. Commercial watermelon ‘Fiesta’ (diploid seeded) and ‘Tri-X 313’ (triploid seedless) scions were grafted onto the rootstocks in 2007 and 2008, respectively. In 2007, the plants grafted on rootstock from the wild watermelon germplasm line RKVL 318 had significantly less (P < 0.05) root galling than nongrafted ‘Fiesta’ watermelon or plants with the squash hybrid or bottle gourd rootstocks. In 2008, ‘Fiesta’ plants with rootstocks from all five wild watermelon germplasm lines and the commercial watermelon rootstock had significantly less (P < 0.05) root galling than plants with the squash hybrid or bottle gourd rootstocks. Root galling of the squash hybrid and bottle gourd rootstocks was severe (78 to 99%) in both years. Root galling for nongrafted ‘Fiesta’ and ‘Tri-X 313’ watermelon was 36 and 50%, respectively. Root galling for the wild watermelon germplasm lines ranged from 11 to 34% and 36 to 44% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Wild watermelon germplasm lines derived from C. lanatus var. citroides were identified that may be useful as resistant rootstocks for managing root-knot nematodes in watermelon.

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Rootstocks for Florida Stone Fruit

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-hs366-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Ali Sarkhosh ◽

Mercy Olmstead ◽

Jose Chaparro ◽

Thomas Beckman

Keyword(s):

Egg Production ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Important Species ◽

Peach Rootstocks

Rootstocks have been used in many tree fruit systems to provide growth advantages and/or pest and disease resistance without affecting (or sometimes improving) productivity and fruit quality. In Florida, stone fruit are grown on rootstocks that specifically provide resistance to the peach root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne floridensis (Handoo, et al., 2004; Sherman, et al., 1991). Although several root-knot nematode-resistant rootstocks are available for stone fruit grown in other locations and climates, ‘Flordaguard’ peach rootstock is currently the only rootstock recommended for stone fruit production in Florida. Root-knot nematodes (M. incognita and M. javanica) have historically been the most important species of root-knot nematodes parasitizing peach in the southeastern United States peach industry. ‘Guardian’, ‘Nemaguard’, ‘Nemared’, and ‘Okinawa’ rootstocks are resistant to these species of nematode. However, in 1966 a new species of root-knot nematode was detected on ‘Nemaguard’ and ‘Okinawa’ peach rootstocks in Gainesville, Florida, and ultimately identified as M. floridensis in 2004 (Han-doo, et al., 2004). This nematode reproduces abundantly on ‘Nemaguard’ and ‘Nemared’ peach rootstocks as well as on other crops (verbena, eggplant, squash, basil, impatiens, tomato, snapdragon, dill, and certain ornamental plants) (Table 1). Consequently, ‘Nemaguard’, ‘Nemared’, and ‘Okinawa’ peach rootstock are no longer recommended for peaches, nectarines, and plums in Florida. ‘Nemaguard’ and ‘Nemared’ rootstocks had been used in north Florida for many years, but continued use may increase nematode populations to damaging levels on these rootstocks. ‘Flordaguard’ rootstock has better resistance to M. floridensis than ‘Nemaguard’ rootstock. Field evaluation of peach rootstocks to different root-knot nematode species indicated that after 25 months, nematode egg production was greater on ‘Nemaguard’ than on ‘Flordaguard’ rootstock (Nyczepir, et al., 2006). Longer-term observations in Florida also suggest that trees on ‘Nemaguard’ rootstock do not perform well in soils infested with M. floridensis. Accordingly, ‘Flordaguard’ rootstock is the only rootstock the University of Florida currently recommends for commercial peach production. ‘Sharpe’, a clonal plum hybrid rootstock (Beckman, et al., 2008), is only recommended for backyard fruit production because of its reduced yield and smaller fruit size when compared to trees budded onto ‘Flordaguard’ rootstock.

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