scholarly journals Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis cinerea Populations in California and its Influence on Control of Gray Mold on Stored Mandarin Fruit

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 2545-2549 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Saito ◽  
C. L. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Cyt B ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Cyt B Gene ◽  
Alternative Control Methods

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is an emerging postharvest disease affecting stored mandarin fruit in California. To develop effective control programs, fungicide sensitivities to four citrus postharvest fungicides were determined. One hundred B. cinerea isolates each in 2015 and 2016 were obtained from decayed fruit collected within packinghouses and tested for resistance to the fungicides. Sensitivity to azoxystrobin was examined based on the point mutation in the cyt b gene using PCR, while resistance to fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole was examined on fungicide-amended media. For azoxystrobin, 83 and 98% of the isolates were resistant in 2015 and 2016, respectively. For pyrimethanil, 71 and 93% were resistant in 2015 and 2016, respectively. For thiabendazole, 63 and 68% were resistant in 2015 and 2016, respectively. No fludioxonil resistance was detected in both years. Five fungicide-resistant phenotypes were detected, and the most common phenotype was triple resistance to azoxystrobin, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole, accounting for 59 and 65% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Of the 200 B. cinerea isolates, 5, 23.5, and 62% were resistant to one, two, or three classes of fungicides, respectively. Inoculation tests were conducted to evaluate if the fungicides at label rates controlled various resistant phenotypes on fruit. Most fungicides failed to control gray mold on mandarin fruit inoculated with the respective fungicide resistant phenotypes. Our results suggest that alternative control methods need to be integrated into existing decay control programs to target this emerging disease on mandarin fruit.

scholarly journals A Review of Alternative Management Tactics Employed for the Control of Various Cockroach Species (Order: Blattodea) in the USA

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 550
Author(s):  
Ameya D. Gondhalekar ◽  
Arthur G. Appel ◽  
Gretchen M. Thomas ◽  
Alvaro Romero
Keyword(s):  
Applied Research ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Alternative Tactics ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
The Public ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Alternative Control Methods

Effective control of domestic and peridomestic cockroaches requires integrated approaches that emphasize concurrent use of chemicals with alternative control tactics. An integrated pest management (IPM) approach is particularly justified in environments where satisfactory cockroach control cannot be achieved due to multiple factors including development of insecticide aversion and resistance in some cockroach species, and poor sanitation or structural issues that foster infestations. While a flurry of research effort has been devoted to study alternative tactics for cockroach control, only a few of them have been evaluated in the context of IPM programs. This review focuses on examining studies on alternative tactics that are proven efficacious, economical, and logistically feasible for their inclusion in IPM programs for important domestic and peridomestic cockroaches in the USA. Management programs that educate the public on cockroach biology, behavior, and the importance of sanitation; use of traps to monitor infestation levels; apply targeted low impact insecticides such as baits, have demonstrated a greater success for effective and sustainable control of cockroaches when compared to an insecticide-only approach. Incorporation of other alternative control methods to IPM programs will require more applied research that validates their use in real-world scenarios and demonstrates their cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea From Nectarine/Cherry in China to Six Fungicides and Characterization of Resistant Isolates

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 2578-2585 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. X. Yin ◽  
M. Adnan ◽  
Y. Shang ◽  
Y. Lin ◽  
C. X. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Point Mutation ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Cyt B ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Sdhb Gene ◽  
Cyt B Gene ◽  
Fitness Analysis

Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, can result in considerable preharvest and postharvest losses in many economically valuable plant species. Fungicides were widely used to minimize such losses, but fungicide resistances were detected frequently. In the present study, we collected 164 isolates from nectarine and cherry in China and tested the sensitivity to six fungicides. Among the tested isolates, 71 (43.3%) were resistant to azoxystrobin, 14 (8.5%) to cyprodinil, 7 (4.3%) to boscalid, 4 (2.4%) to carbendazim, 1 (0.6%) to iprodione, and no isolates were found to be resistant to fludioxonil. The EC50 value and resistance factor (RF) of resistant isolates were determined. Fitness analysis showed that there were no significant differences between sensitive and resistant isolates for osmotic stress and pathogenicity, while more conidia production was observed for some resistant isolates. Control efficacy of fungicides showed that the resistant isolates could not be controlled efficiently by using corresponding fungicides. The point mutation G143A was detected in the Cyt b gene of the isolates resistant to azoxystrobin, while the point mutation H272R of SdhB gene was confirmed in boscalid-resistant isolates, and mutations E198V/A of TUB2 gene and mutation I365S of BcOs1 occurred in carbendazim-resistant and iprodione-resistant isolates, respectively. These results indicate that the occurrence of fungicide resistance greatly threatens the management of gray mold on stone fruits nectarine and cherry.

scholarly journals Larvicidal activity of oil-resin fractions from the Brazilian medicinal plant Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) against Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heloísa Helena Garcia da Silva ◽  
Regina Geris ◽  
Edson Rodrigues Filho ◽  
Cleonice Rocha ◽  
Ionizete Garcia da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Alternative Control Methods

Oil-resin fractions from Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) were evaluated for larvicidal activity on third larval instars of Aedes aegypti, in searching for alternative control methods for this mosquito. The bioactive fractions were chemically monitored by thin-layer chromatography, ¹H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Bioassays were performed using five repetitions, at a temperature of 28 ± 1°C, relative humidity of 80 ± 5% and light and dark cycles of 12h. Mortality was indicated by darkening of the cephalic capsule after 24h of exposure of the larvae to the solutions. The most active fractions were CRM1-4 (sesquiterpenes) and CRM5-7 (labdane diterpenes), which showed LC50 values of 0.2 and 0.8ppm, respectively.

scholarly journals Evidence of possible evasion of protective immunity by NAD-independent isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum in poultry

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. Bragg
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Alternative Control Methods

An indication of the ability of NAD-independent variants of Haemophilus paragallinarum to evade the immune system has been obtained from data obtained from several experiments. Firstly, it was noted that there was a difference in the serovar distribution between the NAD-dependent isolates in the 1990s and the NAD-independent isolates, as there was a significant decrease in the incidence of serogroup A NAD-dependent isolates. This can possibly be attributed to the extensive use of vaccines. On the other hand, most of the earlier NAD-independent isolates were serovar A. This is a possible indication of evasion of the protective immunity by the NAD-independent isolates. Further evidence of possible evasion of the protective immunity was obtained from results obtained when different isolates, both NAD dependent and NAD independent, were tested with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). The V1 Mab reaction pattern was only seen in the reference strain 0083 among all of the NAD-dependent isolates tested in South Africa. This Mab was, however, found to react with some of the NAD-independent isolates. Furthermore, the isolation of NAD-dependent isolates in Australia which react with the V1 Mab also suggest possible evasion of the protective immunity by the NAD-independent isolates as no vaccines containing strain 0083 are used in Australia. In order to investigate the hypothesis of immune-evasion by NAD-independent H. paragallinarum, vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens were challenged with a NAD-independent serogroup C isolate. As a control, chickens were also challenged with NAD-dependent H. paragallinarum of the same serogroup. The results obtained indicate that there is no significant difference in the disease profiles obtained in vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens challenged with the NAD-independent isolate, thus providing further evidence of evasion of the productivity immunity by the NAD-independent isolates. The ability of the NAD-independent isolates to evade the immune system suggests that a different vaccination strategy, or alternative control methods may be needed for the control of IC caused by these isolates.

scholarly journals Prevalence, effects and alternative control methods of Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-97
Author(s):  
KUISEU Julienne ◽  
T. A. ZINSOU Fréjus ◽  
Abiodoun OLOUNLADE Pascal ◽  
G. ALOWANOU Géorcelin ◽  
D. ADENILE Adam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Alternative Control Methods

scholarly journals Anoxic treatment of a moth-infested saddle

1970 ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Jan-Erik Bergh ◽  
Ann Hallström
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Oxygen Treatment ◽  
Pest Insects ◽  
Museum Objects ◽  
Alternative Control Methods

Pest insects pose a continuous and serious threat to museum objects that are organic in origin. Traditionally various chemical substances have been used for insect control, but in recent decades there has been increased concern about the disadvantages of this type of control strategy (Dawson 1988). Among the alternative control methods developed for museum use in recent decades, low oxygen treatment (Gilberg 1991) is of special interest. Using nitrogen or argon to replace oxygen, produces no residues and allows a conditioning of the gas regarding temperature and relative humidity. The first practical application of this method took place at Skokloster Castle in Central Sweden. 

scholarly journals Expression of Putative Defense Responses in Cannabis Primed by Pseudomonas and/or Bacillus Strains and Infected by Botrytis cinerea

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Balthazar ◽  
Gabrielle Cantin ◽  
Amy Novinscak ◽  
David L. Joly ◽  
Martin Filion
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Defense Genes ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) offers many industrial, agricultural, and medicinal applications, but is commonly threatened by the gray mold disease caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. With few effective control measures currently available, the use of beneficial rhizobacteria represents a promising biocontrol avenue for cannabis. To counter disease development, plants rely on a complex network of inducible defense pathways, allowing them to respond locally and systemically to pathogens attacks. In this study, we present the first attempt to control gray mold in cannabis using beneficial rhizobacteria, and the first investigation of cannabis defense responses at the molecular level. Four promising Pseudomonas (LBUM223 and WCS417r) and Bacillus strains (LBUM279 and LBUM979) were applied as single or combined root treatments to cannabis seedlings, which were subsequently infected by B. cinerea. Symptoms were recorded and the expression of eight putative defense genes was monitored in leaves by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The rhizobacteria did not significantly control gray mold and all infected leaves were necrotic after a week, regardless of the treatment. Similarly, no systemic activation of putative cannabis defense genes was reported, neither triggered by the pathogen nor by the rhizobacteria. However, this work identified five putative defense genes (ERF1, HEL, PAL, PR1, and PR2) that were strongly and sustainably induced locally at B. cinerea’s infection sites, as well as two stably expressed reference genes (TIP41 and APT1) in cannabis. These markers will be useful in future researches exploring cannabis defense pathways.

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